The Dental Profession Essay example -- dentistry

The Dental Profession As a senior biomedical engineering science student at RPI, I am receiving a particularly well-rounded education in engineering, complemented by studies in the sciences and humanities. During my sophomore year, I became interested in dentistry and began to select courses that would prepare me for dental school. While this meant additional work, I improved my study skills, and I have earned a grade sharpen average of 3.4 over the last three years. Because of this rigorous course load, I will be graduating this August instead of last May. I had planned on applying to dental school this fall for the 1988-89 entering class, but after receiving your letter earlier this month and subsequently speaking with the admissions office, I found that it was still workable to apply for the September 2002 entering class. My interest in the health care field began while I was in high school. I was first introduced to umpteen different aspects of the &...

the prince :: essays research papers

- Navigate Here - Context --- Chapters 1-2 Chapter 3 Chapters 4-7 Chapters 8-10 Chapters 11-15 Chapters 16-19 Chapters 20-23 Chapters 24-26 --- Study Questions moreover Reading 2 Dedication, Chapters 1-2 Summary The Prince is a gift from Machiavelli to the Magnificent Lorenzo, son of Piero de Medici, offered as "proof of the authors devotion." Machiavelli writes that it is the most precious thing he has to offer. The harbour consists of "the intimacy of the actions of great men, acquired by long experience of modern affairs, and a continued guinea pig of ancient history," which Machiavelli indicates he has studied for a long period of time. Although the discussion is "unworthy" of the Magnificent Lorenzo, the author hopes he get out accept it. After all, the record book offers its reader, in a concise form, learning which has taken its author many an(prenominal) years of study and much personal danger. Machiavelli emphasizes that the book is short and direct, and written without without fixing to "pompous phrases" or "embellishment." Its strengths are that it goes to "the truth of the matter" and addresses an important subject. He does not wish to seem presumptuous by daring to discuss the affairs of a prince, but, he suggests, just as only a prince, from his reward point above the people, fundament understand them, only one of the people can truly understand the prince. He hopes that his Magnificence will see in the work his hope for the princes future greatness, which has been promised by "fortune" and his "great qualities." And if his Magnificence will lower his gaze, he will discover how undeservedly Machiavelli has had to suffer misfortune.Chapter 1 "How Many Kinds of Principalities There Are and the Way They Are Acquired" There are 2 kinds of states or governments republics and principalities. There are also two kinds of principalities " inherited" and " tende r." Further, "new" principalities are either "entirely new" or a territory annexed to "the hereditary state of the prince who acquires them." Annexed principalities can be put under the rule of a prince, or set up as "free states." New principalities can be won by using another states military, by the conquerors own military, by luck, or by personal courage and ability.Chapter 2 "On Hereditary Principalities" Machiavelli indicates that this book will not be about republics, which he has discussed in a previous work. Hereditary states are easier to hold onto than new states, since, barring the appearance of an strange force, if the prince is not stupid, he will hold onto power by doing what his herald did.the prince essays research papers - Navigate Here - Context --- Chapters 1-2 Chapter 3 Chapters 4-7 Chapters 8-10 Chapters 11-15 Chapters 16-19 Chapters 20-23 Chapters 24-26 --- Study Questions Further Reading 2 Dedication, Chapters 1 -2 Summary The Prince is a gift from Machiavelli to the Magnificent Lorenzo, son of Piero de Medici, offered as "proof of the authors devotion." Machiavelli writes that it is the most precious thing he has to offer. The book consists of "the knowledge of the actions of great men, acquired by long experience of modern affairs, and a continued study of ancient history," which Machiavelli indicates he has studied for a long period of time. Although the book is "unworthy" of the Magnificent Lorenzo, the author hopes he will accept it. After all, the book offers its reader, in a concise form, learning which has taken its author many years of study and much personal danger. Machiavelli emphasizes that the book is short and direct, and written without without resort to "pompous phrases" or "embellishment." Its strengths are that it goes to "the truth of the matter" and addresses an important subject. He does not wish to seem presumptuous by d aring to discuss the affairs of a prince, but, he suggests, just as only a prince, from his vantage point above the people, can understand them, only one of the people can truly understand the prince. He hopes that his Magnificence will see in the work his hope for the princes future greatness, which has been promised by "fortune" and his "great qualities." And if his Magnificence will lower his gaze, he will discover how undeservedly Machiavelli has had to suffer misfortune.Chapter 1 "How Many Kinds of Principalities There Are and the Way They Are Acquired" There are two kinds of states or governments republics and principalities. There are also two kinds of principalities "hereditary" and "new." Further, "new" principalities are either "entirely new" or a territory annexed to "the hereditary state of the prince who acquires them." Annexed principalities can be put under the rule of a prince, or set up as "free sta tes." New principalities can be won by using another states military, by the conquerors own military, by luck, or by personal courage and ability.Chapter 2 "On Hereditary Principalities" Machiavelli indicates that this book will not be about republics, which he has discussed in a previous work. Hereditary states are easier to hold onto than new states, since, barring the appearance of an extraordinary force, if the prince is not stupid, he will hold onto power by doing what his predecessor did.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Movking BirdTolerance Comes into PlayTolerance is a good rightfulness to own, without it there is no way to succeed. To Kill a Mockingbird is a expectant novel written by Harper Lee. In this book, a great deal of tolerance is shown by Atticus. His tolerance is shown especially in the town, when dealing with his kids and when talking to Aunt Alexandra. The theme of tolerance is shown by Atticus when he is in the town. Many of the towns people give Atticus a hard time because he is defending a black in court and he is white. thither is a white person against the black yet Atticus is defending the black person, and that is what makes some people give him a hard time. In a quote from the book Your fathers no better than the Nigers and trash he works for, said Mrs. Dubose to Scout. People just like Mrs. Dubose talk behind Atticus and too consecrate mean or hateful things about him because he is defending a black. Although they say all this stuff he has enough tolerance and does not fight back nor say mean and/or hateful things towards them. He uses his self-control (tolerance) and lets them talk. He expresses in the book that, people can talk and say but you do not have to do anything about it. Atticus just lets it pass by him. This is one way he shows tolerance in the book.The theme of tolerance is shown by Atticus, when he is dealing with his kids. His two kids, Scout (girl) and Jem (boy), do get into mischief. And when they do he deals with it calmly and rationally. A quote dealing with this particular incident were he is talking to Scout is Lets get this clear you do as Calpurnia tells you, you do as I tell you, and as yen as your aunts in the house you do as she tells you. Understand? Atticus says this to Scout after she mouthed off at Aunt Alexandra. He calmly and rationally dealt with the situation then moved on. He didnt yell, hit, or argue, just simply stated the obvious. He shows a lot of tolerance when dealing with Scout and her unrepenta nt ways. He does the same with Jem (Jeremy) as well. He treats his kids with respect as if they were adults. He does hot argue he says what he wants and if there is a conflict he walks away from it.

Romania - Ecotourism in Romania Essay -- essays research papers

Fascinating RomaniaAt the eastern edge of atomic number 63, Romania is perhaps best known for its Black Sea resorts, such as Mamaia and the Greco-Byzantine port of Constanta, and the Danube delta, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for its rich wetlands and abundant bird-life. The Transylvanian Alps occupy much of the northern half of the country, the waters of their many spa resorts having been appreciated for their healing properties since Roman times. Romania offers a rich tapestry tourist attractions and vacation experiences unique in Central-Eastern Europe gothic towns in Transylvania, the world-famous Painted Monasteries in Bucovina, traditionalistic villages in Maramures, the magnificent architecture of Bucharest, the romantic Danube Delta, fairy-tale castles, the Black Sea resorts, the majestic Carpathian Mountains, spas and much more.Transylvania is also the legendary home of Bram Stokers Dracula, based on an infamous medieval king Vlad the Impaler whose spooky abo de at Bran Castle may be visited. The northern half of the country is bisected by the great Carpathian Mountains, most of which are cover by pristine mountain timberlands which shelter one of Europes last strongholds for large carnivore populations. Romania is a country with rich biodiversity (ecosystems, species and genetic diversity) and a high percentage of congenital ecosystems 47% of the land area of the country is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The natural integrity of forest ecosystems is indicated by the presence of the full range of European forest fauna, including 60% and 40% of all European brown bears and wolves, respectively. Europes largest wetland, the Danube Delta, also lies predominantly in Romania. Major grasslands, caves, and an extensive network of rivers, add to the ecosystem richness. valuable for Romania as well as for all Europe, is that the territory of Romania is a confluence point between biogeographic regions between arctic, alpine, west and central European, pannonic, balkanic, sub Mediterranean and even eastern colchic. The high level of geographic diversity in Romania and the consequence of its location as a biological confluence place confound produced a floral diversity that includes over 3,70... ...rs and of local infrastructure. It also promotes the technological progress, environmental protection activities, and the financial sector reorganization. The development and restructuring of these fields are prerequisites for the increase traffic of local and international tourists.Well known for a long time on international scale, the Romanian hospitality proved to be, over the age and quite often, not only a characteristic of the Romanian people but, using the touristic language, a promoting instrument of the national offer on the international market, too. The opinion of developing the tourism in Romania is based on this characteristic of the Romanians, and on the beauty of the Romanian village and land scape.Biographyhttp//www.carpathians.org/l_rom.htmhttp//www.ce-review.org/99/2/lovatt2.htmlhttp//home.online.no/romemb/tourism.htmhttp//www.grida.no/enrin/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htmhttp//www.responsibletravel.com/TripSearch/Europe/Country100204.htmhttp//aboutromania.com/photos.htmlhttp//www.factbook.ro/countryreports/ro/Ro_Tourism.htmhttp//www.factbook.net/index.html

Causes of Dictatorship in Russia :: Russian Russia History

Causes of Dictatorship in RussiaAround the 20th century, the end of the First World War cleared the way for the formation of egalitarian regimes. Why they had not been successful, why the people didnt use the opportunity to establish a democratic semipolitical system and why did the dictatorships appear, is still unclear, but it is a very discussible subject. The decisive role in these processes was the human being. It was the object of the cause, but on the other hand he was also the subject - executor of each the problems as well. The First World War was expected to be short, with a quick triumph on either side. On the contrary, the war caused a giant execute to all the countries involved, and lasted for four years. Also against the expectations of political leaders and military commanders new techniques of fighting were used, as well as new weapons (for example the chloric gas, tanks and aircrafts). Due to all this, 13 million people were killed, of which 2 million were German s, 1.75 million Russians, 1.5 million Frenchmen, 1 million British and 0.5 million Italians. But death was just unitary of the worst consequences of the First World War. Just military failures on the fronts, along with other problems directly affected internal politics in a striking way. This horrible catastrophe also left most of the countries in huge debts, especially Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, and many others. This led to poverty and chaos, and the people were suffering. That is why they started to revolt, but the political system was so exhausted after the war that it didnt do anything to solve this. The effects of the war sped up the changes. It is an arguable fact, whether the war also had a liberating effect. If it did, it was greatly affected by the downfall of three empires, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Tsarist Russia and Keisers Germany. In Russia the tsar abdicated and was replaced by the Provisional Government, but it only took 8 months and Russia moved from au tocracy to communism. It is true(p) that this downfall separated and freed different ethnic groups like Czechs and Slovaks, Serbs, etc. who had been a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, because these ethnic groups did get their independent states with democratic constitutions. Land was taken from the aristocrats and distributed to the peasants. The workmen got let out conditions to work in, for example bigger salaries, less working time, social securities and so on.

Causes of Dictatorship in Russia :: Russian Russia History

Causes of Dictatorship in RussiaAround the 20th century, the end of the First World contend cleared the way for the formation of democratic regimes. Why they had not been successful, why the people didnt use the opportunity to establish a democratic political schema and why did the dictatorships appear, is still unclear, but it is a very discussible subject. The decisive role in these processes was the human being. It was the object of the cause, but on the other hand he was also the subject - executor of all the problems as well. The First World War was expected to be short, with a quick triumph on either side. On the contrary, the war caused a giant massacre to all the countries involved, and lasted for four years. Also against the expectations of political leaders and military commanders new techniques of fighting were used, as well as new weapons (for example the chloric gas, tanks and aircrafts). Due to all this, 13 gazillion people were killed, of which 2 million were German s, 1.75 million Russians, 1.5 million Frenchmen, 1 million British and 0.5 million Italians. But death was just one of the worst consequences of the First World War. Just military failures on the fronts, along with other problems directly affected innate politics in a great way. This horrible catastrophe also left most of the countries in huge debts, especially Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, and many others. This led to scantiness and chaos, and the people were suffering. That is why they started to revolt, but the political system was so exhausted after the war that it didnt do anything to solve this. The effects of the war sped up the changes. It is an moot fact, whether the war also had a liberating effect. If it did, it was greatly affected by the downfall of three empires, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Tsarist Russia and Keisers Germany. In Russia the tsar abdicated and was replaced by the Provisional Government, but it entirely took 8 months and Russia moved from autocra cy to communism. It is true that this downfall separated and freed different ethnic groups like Czechs and Slovaks, Serbs, etc. who had been a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, because these ethnic groups did get their autonomous states with democratic constitutions. Land was taken from the aristocrats and distributed to the peasants. The workmen got better conditions to work in, for example bigger salaries, less working time, social securities and so on.

Russian Media as a conveyer ideology and a tool of hegemony

Since the disintegration of the Soviet articulation, news regarding Russias economic and political state has been spread abroad to other countries through the work of the media. The ideas contained in the Russian media entertain been responsible for the perception that the acquisition of substantive goods is not only desir adequate but indispensable to life and normality. The influence of the media might be considered hegemony, which is represented by the control of virtuoso group (the media) over a larger population (the Russians). This control manifests itself in the perceptions of prosperity that are held by some Russians, largely because of the glamorization of Western culture as presented in the media.Because of the influence that this perception has had over the lives of many Russians, it is often thought on the one spend that each Russians currently live their lives in scurvy poverty. Because many cannot currently afford the expensive things they see Westerners enjoyin g, they consider themselves as aliment at a low standard, and this perception is to a fault passed on to the West. On the other hand, it is also believed in some circles that the pomp that can be seen in the major Russian cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg is an accurate measure of how all Russians live.This too has stemmed from the above-mentioned media hegemony and the perception of material wealth that is passed on to the public as normal. The media has, therefore, been responsible for bombarding consumers with such views that promote wealth and materialism as being indispensable to any successful economic society, and this has led to inaccurate perceptions of the Russian economic situation.During the Soviet Union era, Communist ideology acted as a barrier to the entrance of Western ideas and views into the minds of the Russian public. However, with the fall of Communism and the deregulation of the media, an ideological hegemony began to arise. This hegemony has been fueled by the media. As a result, Western ideas of capitalism and materialism began to mingle freely with Russian socio-economic ideology.This ideological change is evident in the attitude of Yegor Gaidar, Acting Prime pastor of Russia following the Soviet Unions collapse. He said, Our main goal is the construction in our country of a stable and, at the same clock, dynamic and prosperous Western-type society (Diligensky & Chugrov, 2000, p. 14).This opinion was made public to the Russians through the media. Gaidar continued to explain that the main difference between the Russian and the Western civilizations at the time was the development of a market economy and the right of citizens to own property. At such a crucial period of change, this ideology held by the leader also found its way into the minds of the Russians via the media. Because of this, more and more Russians began to strive for the material possessions characteristic of the typical Western society (Diligensky & Chugrov, 2000) .It is by the hegemonic efforts of the media that these and other ideas have been placed in the minds of the Russians. The effectiveness of the media in effecting this change in the Russian perception of Western civilization has been posed in public opinion polls taken by Russian citizens. The citizens of the West are generally considered by Russians to have such enviable qualities as wealth, inviolable rights to property, high compensation for labor, and talent for entrepreneurship (Diligensky & Chugrov, 2000).This can nonetheless more convincingly be attributed to the effect of the media as it has been noted by Russian thinkers that the order in which these qualities are valued by Russians does not represent the square(a) hierarchy of value given to them by Westerners. Rather, it represents the extent to which these needs are perceived as unsatisfied within the lives of the Russians. The Russian media has played the power of portraying as indispensable those Western values tha t correspond with areas of Russian lack, and the media has made these values especially visible against the background of impoverishment and economic hardships in Russia (2000, p. 19-20).Because of the sheer visibility of the way Westerners live, which is made possible by the existence of the media in all its forms, Russians have perceived it as necessary to strive for these rarefied material values. In addition, their lack of material wealth has been perceived by those who look on as evidence that the Russians live in abject poverty.The medias hegemonic control over the minds and perceptions of Russians and Westerners alike is evident in other ways. The ideas put forth to Russians via the press (as well as via media access to programming originating in the West) have led to what has been termed the capitalist revolution. With the West as its model, Russia has evolved into a society that contains a business elite (Lavelle, 2004).Within this society, the rise of the business elite h as led to loaded and propertied class that has become in truth visible in both the Russian and Western media. These persons, who are often celebrated by the media, are seen in such personalities as business tycoon Andrei Melnichenko. He has been publicized as the person who has had a large hand in the transformation of the Moscow MDM root word into a corporation that grosses three billion dollars a year (BusinessWeek, 2002).The media broadcasts the lifestyles of these extremely wealthy Russians who have a core of senior-level employees that also enjoy the fruits of capitalism. These persons live publically in the very affluent and expensive areascities, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. These cities now boast very high costs and standards of living in a country that had been widely perceived as being filled with persons who live below the poverty line, and this is shown to the world through the media.In fact, concord to a widely distributed cost of living survey, St. Petersbur g ranks as having the 12th highest cost of living in the world. Moscows reputation is even more astounding as it ranks as the worlds most expensive city, (Mercer Consulting, 2006). Despite the general Western perception of Russia as having a struggling market economy, the media is now beginning to demonstrate that Russians have been able to afford the highest living standards and costs in the world.Two major implications derive from the fact that the two major Russian cities have been class-conscious among the most expensive in the world. One is that the perceptions of this country generally engendered by the media are to some extent quite erroneous. Many Russians are as able to afford material goods as their Western counterparts, and poverty is not the general state of all the persons who reside in the former Soviet Union. In fact, according to business reports, Russias general standard of living has been on the rise in recent years. This is demonstrated by the fact that its citiz ens have begun to feel a higher level of security in their economic situation (BusinessWeek, 2002).While in the early 1990s inflation rates had been in triple material body numbers, by 2002 this had fallen to a mere 17 per cent. By that time too, the stock market index had risen by 27 per cent in the year, and Russians were being reported as starting to trust Russia because money is coming back (2002, p. 13). These views are now being over-represented in Western perceptions of Russia as a way of counteracting the previous media-created perception of the poverty of Russians.However, the fact that Moscow and St. Petersburg fall among the most expensive cities hides the fact that once one leaves these highly publicized cities, one is bombarded by a stark decrease in standard of living. What is not represented now in the Western media is this exaggeration of the capitalist gap (between the very rich and the very poor). The media largely demonstrates to the Westerners the wealthy side o f Russiaperhaps as a means of de-emphasizing the prevalent idea of Russians as suffering in abject poverty. The medias hegemonic influence urges Westerners to see the affluence of the large cities without giving a wider view of the whole country. This view would demonstrate the steep decline in living standards as one leaves these economic centers.The media represents a body that to a large extent controls Russians and Westerners perceptions of how Russias wealth compares to that of the rest of the world. This media hegemony carries out a two-fold deception, in which all Russians were once considered by Westerners as living in abject poverty, but that now is beginning to demonstrate all Russians as being wealthy. No counterpoise appears to have been struck between the two views, as the media fails to present an accurately proportioned view of the situation.The media also demonstrates its hegemony in its ability to coerce Russians into viewing the property of Westerners the true mea sure of economic success. This fact is widely considered as a reason for the biased view of the Russian situation Russians have been found to grasp for these material things, and these possessions often hide their true areas of lack.ReferencesBusinessWeek. (2002). Russias new wealth. Business Week Online. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on March 26, 2007Diligensky, G. & S. Chugrov. (2000). The West in Russian mentality. North Atlantic treaty Organization. Retrieved on March 26, 2007Lavelle, P. (2004). Forbes Paul Klebnikov a victim of political terrorism. In the National Interest. July. Retrieved on March 26, 2007Mercer Consulting. (2006). Moscow is the worlds most expensive city while Leipzig is the cheapest one in Europe. City Mayors Economics. Retrieved on March 26, 2007 from http//www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html

Welding with Children

Seth Bohlander English 1102 Mrs. Hammonds 10 October 2010 Brutons Change Welding with Children is a laconic story that illustrates thematic ideas from beginning to end. Throughout the story, Bruton, an older redheaded man with papery skin, shows that his parenting skills have suffered, and he is embarrassed with how he raised his four daughters in the past. With his daughters now grown, the reputation of their upbringing still haunts him. Examples like Brutons car being referred to as the bastardmobile show just what type of reputation he is dealing with.Though as the story progresses, Bruton shows change. Through a series of epiphanies or awakenings, he realizes he crumbt undo his previous mistakes, but believes he can redeem himself by parenting his grandchildren the correct way, tout ensemble while welding with children. From the beginning of the story, Bruton shows his carefree attitude on things that are considered important to most people. After falling out of college in h is first semester, he states, I may have flunked out that semester, but I got my moneys worth learning intimately people that dont have hearts no bigger than birds shot (Gautreaux 200).His attitude shows he has no drive to fix problems. In an provoke way, he sees some sort of accomplishment from his failure. This attitude is similar to how he raised his children. He knows he messed up, but feels he can do energy but live with his mistakes. Bruton continues to show his stagnant attitude throughout the story until experiencing his first epiph whatsoever. While driving home, one of the grandchildren Freddy says something that indicates to be a curse word. When asked where he heard words like those, Freddy says he heard it on a late night comedy program.Bruton is enlightened, and thinks back on his four daughters. None of them has any religion to speak of. The girls grew up watching cable and videos every night, and thats where they got their view of the world, and thats why four di rty blondes . . . thought they lived in a Hollywood soap opera (Gautreaux 202). This is suggests that television is to blame. Seeing that history does repeat itself, Bruton takes advantage of the situation and sits the kids down and begins teaching them about the bible.The sense of urgency shows this to be an important aspect of parenting that he forgot. Before being enlightened, Bruton believed that the reason his four daughters turned out the way they did, was solely his wifes fault. Since she was gone all the time, he found it easy to point the finger to her. He never felt accountable, but after the first awakening, Bruton takes full tariff for his actions and signs of change. With the weight of responsibility on his back, Bruton turns to the only people he knows who can help him. The Tree of Knowledge, a group of men whom have already insulted Bruton, give him trey helpful suggestions. They tell him to clean his yard, join the Methodist church, and keep the children with him a s much as possible. At first, the suggestions appear to be patronizing, but somehow Bruton sees a positive communicate through their comments. Turing to these men for advice shows that Bruton is sympathetic. After the vicious comments that were made to Brutons daughters, he shows signs of forgiveness and remorse to go to these men for help.In conclusion, Bruton sends a message that is simple and bold. Embracing opportunity enables the probability of change. Time for a change (Gautreaux 210). Being assigned the duty to babysit his grandchildren appeared to be a simple task, but sightedness the opportunity to fix a problem that has been passed down through two generations makes Bruton a heroic and dynamic character. Work Cited Gautreaux, Tim. Welding with Children. Perriness Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense, tenth ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. Boston Wadsworth, 2009. 198-211. Print.

Bishop’s poetry Essay

I agree with this assessment of Bishops poetry. Her poems on the syllabus certainly pose evoke questions about identity, awargonness and ones perspective in the world, indeed the universe, and they do so by means of a unique style. This style is influenced by Bishops acute awareness of the poets shenanigan and her ability to work with both traditional forms (sestina and sonnet, for instance) and free verse. The questions that interested me most are those posed in Questions of Travel.These fascinated me because Bishop dedicated so overmuch of her life to give-up the ghost, provided in this poem she questions the motives behind travel and exploration. One stylistic feature that is characteristic of Bishop is the conversational tone and it is evident in the open up lines, as she states There are similarly galore(postnominal) waterfalls here. The question raised in my mind is How can there be too many waterfalls? Surely the waterfalls are a sight of natural splendour?Yet, readi ng on, we see that everything in this place of natural beauty over-powers the poet the streams are crowded, they hurry too rapidly, there are so many clouds. Why is this? She says that the streams and clouds keep travelling, travelling and this poses the question of her own travels has travel become as monotonous as the relentless waterfalls or is it a type of addiction or compulsion for the poet? This question poses more than questions when we consider the poets alcoholism and the part played by addiction in her life.The questions raised in the next stanza address themes, which are central to her poetry home, exclusion, and the quest for new horizons. Bishop wonders if the idea of a place is more satisfying than the place itself Should we have stayed at home and thought of here? This apparently simple question is loaded with difficulties for Bishop as home was never a simple concept for her. She is acutely aware of herself as an outsider in this culture and feels she is watchi ng strangers in a play in this strangest of theatres.Bishop describes the urge for travel as a childishness and the flesh of travellers rushing to see the sun the other way around is an image of thrill-seekers consuming views and experiences without understanding or insight (inexplicable and impenetrable). I find this very relevant, as we live in a society, which is obsessed with consuming things and experiences, often at the expense of understanding.This image also prepares us for the question at the heart of this poem Oh, must we dream our dreams and have them too? I found this question very interesting because dreams are not reality and there are other references to illusion in this poem strangest of theatres and pantomimists. The question of why we travel and explore is not explicitly answered in the poem but one wonders if it has something to do with flight or escape from reality. The disparity between the real and the imagined is alluded to again in another ambitious quest ion Is it lack of imagination that makes us come To imagined places, not just stay at home? All of our preconceived, modern ideas about travel choice, freedom, excitement, broaden of horizons, understanding of other cultures are turned on their head and challenged in the questions raised here about travel. In both Questions of Travel, and The Prodigal, Bishop deals with beingness away from home and returning. In both poems, the idea of returning is difficult and complex Bishop is not even sure where home is Should we have stayed at home, wheresoever that may be? Her sense of displacement is much stronger than her sense of belonging.Similarly, in The Prodigal, the alcoholic in exile must struggle with uncertain astounding flight/his shuddering insights, beyond his control before he can face the journey home. A stylistic feature of Bishops work, which I genuinely enjoyed, was her tendency, in some poems, to move from sensory description of the apparently mundane to profound awa reness and insight, even epiphany. This can be seen in In the hold Room where Bishop begins with a description of a dull dentists waiting-room, full of grown-up people, arctics and overcoats, lamps and magazines. This is a scene from everyday life in Worcester, Massachusetts.The setting is ordinary, yet the title denotes a place of anticipation and stockpileation, and raises questions. What can the young Bishop be anticipating or expecting? What is to come? The National Geographic a magazine we could easily expect to see in any waiting-room transports the child, in her imagination, to the inside of a volcano, a far cry from the blandness of the dentists waiting-room. The images of other races and civilizations are both horrifying and compelling but the child cannot stop reading them.

The Operations Of Standard Chartered Bank Commerce Essay

model contract bank is a British bank headquartered in London with operations in more than 70 resigns. It ope casts a web of over 1,700 subdivisions and mercantile certifyments ( including subordinates, associates and joint ventures ) and employs 73,000 people.Despite its British base, it has few clients in the United Kingdom and 90 % of its net incomes come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. It aims to impart a safe regulative span between these developing economic organizations.Standard contract has a history of over 150 old ages in banking and operates in many of the universe s fastest-growing markets with an extended planetary web of over 1,700 subdivisions ( including subordinates, associates and joint ventures ) in over 70 states in the Asia Pacific Region, confederation Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the United Kingdom and the Americas. As angiotensin-converting enzyme of the universe s or so international cantss, Standard chartered employs ab come on 73,000 pe ople, stand foring over ace hundred twenty-five nationalities, worldwide. This diverseness lies at the bosom of the bank s values and supports the Bank s growing as the universe progressively becomes one market.The ultimate achiever of any organisation depends on its Human imagination. This purpose makes Human resource a challenging and critical particle for acquireors to command. Torrington and Hall ( 1987 ) define human resource direction as being a series of activities which foremost enable playing people and their employing administrations to hold about the aims and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the arrest is fulfilled .The Human resource of an organisation is non merely a critical plus today but has become an of import beginning of competitory utility in the industry.Human Resource subdivision at Standard Chartered bank has 3 operation units 1 ) . Compensation and Benefits 2 ) .Recruiting and resourcing and 3 ) formulation and on togenesis. Recruitment/Resourcing unit of HR section attracts campaigners to subject application with the HR Department via several agencies. Training and Development unit performs several maps that be orientation course after the employees have been selected, the section makes the employee familiar with the company history, policies, regulations and ordinances, the working topographic crest and the colleagues, supervisors and sub-ordinates and developing refers to the acquisition of cognition, accomplishments, and competences as a consequence of the instruction of hard-nosed accomplishments and cognition that relate to specific utile competences. Compensation and Benefits section performs the map of finding the compensation bundles for its employees, which include, Direct Compensation includes the canonical rewards and wages of employees and otherwise direct hard currency inducements like fillips, increases, stock ownership and Motivation which is the activation or energizati on of goal-oriented behaviour. Harmonizing to assorted theories, motive may be rooted in the basic gather up to minimise physical hurting and maximise pleasance.Chapter 2Information Gathering2.1 Source of informationThere atomic number 18 two major attacks to garnering information about a state of affairs, individual, job or phenomenon. Based upon these wide attacks to information assemblage, informations are categorized asa? Primary informations.a? Secondary informationIn this study, both(prenominal) primary and secondary beginnings have been utilize. Primary beginnings are audience and observation.Primary sources-Face to confront interview and observation techniques have been followed to roll up informations. A questionnaire has been used to roll up informations.Secondary beginnings such as Text booksThesissNewspapers and DiariesInternet ( online information )Own notes and experiencesAcademic staff and other departmental resourcesThe work of friends and other pupilsIn add-on there are besides a big figure of other beginnings including studies, industry study.2.2 Information assemblage techniquesAnalyze presidency one-year fiscal studyThis would give a just apprehension of how the section maps and place nucleus countries. Annual study is an reliable beginning of information. scroll ReviewBruce C. ( 1992 ) identifies several phases for papers reappraisal. Phases are job analysis, place hunt countries, program hunt articles, follow hunt system to available tools, carry out hunt and eventually reexamine. subsequently placing job, books, diaries and cyberspace are used to acquire cerebrate papers. Search has been done by utilizing cardinal tool such as nucleus job, books name and derriere uping lawsuit.LiteratureLiterature provided by company about rising planning, roll uping new equipment, selling scheme and direction policy.2.3 conclude of usage of such beginning of informationNone of the methods of informations aggregation provides 100 per cent ac curate and dependable information. The quality of the information gathered is dependent upon a figure of other factors, which are described belowBooks I ) There is a big sum of text to readtwo ) a assortment of different sorts of related information in one topographic pointInternet sites- I ) new-made statistics are availabletwo ) images related to offspring A besides availableDatabase I ) online information can be reliableA A A A A A A A A A A A A A Atwo ) quality information centered around a peculiar focal pointDiaries i ) recent information written by experts in a fieldtwo ) studies on research done by professionals AReports I ) have some thought about jobIn instance of choosing information, following factors are consideredInformation qualityReliable informationCredibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, SupportChapter 3Discussion3.1 RECRUITINGRecruitment is the procedure of pulling, showing, and choosing competent people for a subscriber line at an organisation or house. Stand ard Chartered Bank follow difference policy between external enlist and internal enlisting. Resourcing refers to internal enlisting the Standard Chartered that is, they try to enroll campaigners for vacant agate lines from within the organisation, and Recruitment refers to external enlisting, which may include fresh alumnuss or people working in other houses.The Recruiting ProcedureThe recruiting procedure at Standard Chartered Bank is conducted in an efficient mode. Enrolling procedure can be summarized as-Designation of commercial enterprise VacancyJob Description forwarded by sectionsDetermination of Grade and DesignationJob PostingApplication received HR Department1 ) Designation of Job Vacancy If an employee leaves the house due to any ground, which may be surrender to travel to another house, or any other ground such as, retirement, expiration or decease, a vacancy is formed at the several section of the bank. The section carefully analyses and identifies this vacancy and the occupation exposition is forwarded to the HR section.2 ) Job Description forwarded by Department- The section in which the vacancy is created, sends a complete Job Analysis Information to the HR specializers so that they can analyze the occupation right and expeditiously. Aims HR section consider when they create occupation translation as followsa? To accomplish more telling and efficient usage of employees / human resources.a? To interrupt recruit employees who possess the necessary accomplishments and competencies.a? To accomplish a higher rate of satisfied and better developed employee.a? To ease forwardness and development programmes3 ) Determination of class and appellation When several sections have identified the vacancy and the occupation description has been sent to HR Department, the HR Department decides on the class and appellation of the vacancy. At this phase, HR section besides determines Personal specification of campaigners.4 ) Job posting Occupation adve rtizement has been posted in ain web site, other enrolling bureaus web sites and newspaper.5 ) Application received by HR Department- After the occupation has been posted the campaigners who are interested send their application to HR Department via mail or postage.Aim of recruitment procedureThe direction of Standard Chartered finds recruitment honourable because,a? It brings fresh endowment and cognition into the banka? It service of processs suck the better ofing the job of employee obsolescence.Table 1 Recruitement procedureJOB ANALYSISJOB commentPERSON SPECIFICATIONTroubles in recruitingCompetences of bing employees must be identified, defined and assessed to find future competency demands.Invalid forecasters of future public presentationCapriciousness of the future external labor market must be considered in relation to changing and updating occupation description demands.3.2TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTThe unit of Training and Development performs several of import maps for the bank like orientation and the general Training and Development.Orientation ProcedureThe procedure of orientation is conducted at Standard Chartered Bank as follows-1 ) Need finding for orientation programme2 ) Design of orientation programme3 ) Execution of orientation programme4 ) Analysis of orientation programmeTrainingBefore get downing developing plan employees are asked to do Personal Development Profile ( PDP is one of the most of import employee paperss at Standard Chartered Bank. Standard Chartered Bank provides two types of training-1 ) In house training- The In-house preparation is preferred at Standard Chartered as it is cost-efficient. Major Training Methods Used Standard Chartered chiefly uses the undermentioned preparation and development methods areOn the occupation preparationThe preparation or development takes topographic point in the employment itself. Common methods used in On the occupation training-CoachingIt is the most popular method to develop the new employees in bank. In this method of developing the supervisor of the new employee supervises the new traineeJob RotationIt is the second method in which the direction rotates the new employee through different occupations so that he can understand the basic accomplishments required to execute his occupation in futureInformal acquisitionLecturesComputer based preparationOff the occupation preparationThis means that employees will go to classs outside of the workplace normally in either a specializer larning Centre.2 ) Outdoors training- If the trainees choose developing in a specific proficient accomplishment, which the bank can non supply economically, it sends the employee to establish where they get the requited preparation. This preparation programme may be conducted in London, Dubai, or anyplace else where Standard Chartered Bank exists. In that type of preparation, the Standard Chartered employees all over the universe have a opportunity to run into each other.3.3 MotivationM otivationA isA allA effortsA madeA byA managementA toA getA employees A toA voluntarily giveA theirA best. ItA mustA beA notedA thatA motivationA comesA fromA withinA theA employeesA himself, butA managementA mustA tryA toA developA andA encourageA thisA motive. Abraham Maslow s motivational surmisal stated that that motive comes from run intoing employees unsatisfied demands.Below Maslows hierarchy of demands shows how he ranks each demand, which must be achieved from the underside to the top.Self realizationSelf look uponSocial demandsSafety and securityPhysiological demandsOnce a lower order demand is satisfied employees will go motivated by the knock of deriving the following higher degree.From direction point of position Maslows theory isEmployees need to be paid an equal sum so they can be provided with their physiological and safety demands.Employees need societal contact and friendly relationships with their co-workers.Employees gain esteem when chances of publicity are o fferedSelf-actualisation. Giving employees the opportunity to go whatever they treasured e.g. foreman of the company they work for.Standard Chartered Bank follow the Maslow theory in actuating emplotees. For this why, this bank offer Employee Welfare and Benefits ( EWB ) which are mentioned below-1. Employee Sharesave Scheme.2. jab insurance, national wellness insurance and group insurance.3. Periodic wellness scrutiny.4. Subsidy for nuptials, funeral, pregnancy leave, travel, dependent instruction and societal nine events. Particular hard currency allowances distributed on three major festivals.5. Offer employees ( retired persons ) the option of reassigning their pension fund to Staff Time Savings Deposit Account for entitlement of a discriminatory mesh rate.6. Discriminatory involvement rate for staff sedimentations.7. Discriminatory involvement rate for staff loans.8. Particular offers for fiscal minutess discriminatory dealing fees, particular exchange rate and inter-bank transportation fees.9. Particular recognition card offers ( issued by the Bank ) no one-year fee, double reward points.Performance ManagementStandard Chartered Bank maintains Performance Management System which is analysed and feedback is given to employees so that they will be motivated to work more efficaciously.By transporting out public presentation assessments on employees on a regular basis, any jobs can be identified and dealt with through preparation plans.The benefits of public presentation assessmentIt helps to place preparation demandsIt may uncover other jobs there may be troubles with other staffBrands good communicating between employees and directorsGood assessments can be actuatingIf dismissals need to be made so public presentation assessment records will be available to confer with.Performance assessments are carried out every six-spot months. An appraisal interview gives the opportunity for employees to be rewarded and told that they are making a good occupatio n. It is a good manner of actuating employees because at their assessment interview they could acquire a wage rise or publicity.3.4 REWARDINGReward Management is defined as the distribution of pecuniary and non pecuniary wagess to employees in an drive to aline the involvements of the employees, the organisation and its stockholders. Compensation and Benefits section of Standard Chartered Bank trades with honoring system for employees.Compensation directionStandard Chartered gives high brilliance to compensation bundles because this is the most important factor for retaining cardinal employees. Every twelvemonth it gives fillip to its employees. The sum of fillip depends on the sum of net income Standard Chartered World makes.Stock Ownerships are given as a Performance Bonuses to employees.As the bank follows Management by Objectives ( MBO ) , specific aims are set at the beginning of the twelvemonth. Management are concerned that the employee put in adequate attempt to merit the award. Sale marks are a good illustration, if the employee meets the directors demands they get a fillip ( Armstrong & A Murlis 2004 ) .4 ) Comparing compensation and benefits Standard Chartered tries to keep equity in its compensation bundlesChapter 4DecisionHuman resource direction demand to scan the universe environment and place emerging tendencies that will impact the organisation and the direction of people in this. To make this, direction ever prize design of Organization, analyze the work processes and recommends betterments when necessary. Human Resource direction work with those determinations and actions which concern the direction of employees at all degrees in the concern and which are related to the execution of schemes directed towards making and prolonging competitory advantag ( While Miller, 1987 ) .The HR individual contributes to the development of and the achievement of the organization-wide concern program and aims. The human resources aims are established to back up the attainment of the overall strategic concern program and aims.In instance of recruiting, choice, preparation, motive and honoring Standard Chartered Bank follow the techniques which fix they are accommodate for its employees. Standard Chartered maintain both internal and external beginning for enlisting. New employees are trained in-house preparation system, where more than one propensity manner is adopted. Every acquisition manner is different, if it is the 1 of the pragmatist, reflector, militant or theoretician. ( Honey and Mumford, 1995 ) . Base on all sorts of feedbacks, Human resource professionals help persons program and progress their callings, which keep employees more gratifying at their work and cut down the employee turnover rate.To actuate employees, public presentation assessment techniques are adopted with upward feedbacks. There are some drawbacks related to upward feedback. Subordinates could hold a bound vision and apprehension of their directors fun ction which may heed in an wrong feedback. Besides, the cost of mediator who is in charge of piecing and administrating the system might be another job. There is several honoring system which are the based on one-year net income and individualized public presentations.In decision, cipher likes to have negative remark so directors should place failing of their subsidiaries and offer proper preparation to cut down the chance of unfavourable feedback and employees turnover every bit good.RecommendationBased on the survey, several recommendations have been made. These includeIn order to successfully carry on the public presentation measuring procedure, Standard Chartered Bank should explicate effectual internal and external communicating mechanism.Compensation wagess and acknowledgment should be linked to public presentation measurings. Performance rating should be positive and non negative.HR should seek to bridge a crack between jr. and senior officers so that a junior officer s hould come out even with his personal job. This behavior and relation among senior and junior officer act as a strong motive factor. For this intent they should set up monthly or half annual meetings to discourse the personal and organisational jobs.Employees should be given work of their ain pick in the bank.The system and processs needed to be up dated and aligned to the market needs and cut on easing the clients for accomplishing sustainable competitory advantage.They should appreciate the difficult working employees. Further more they should besides supply loan installations to every employeeThey should fix the indebtedness list of every employee and should take positive stairss to cut down dissatisfaction among employees.REFFERANCEBruce, C. ( 1992 ) Developing pupils library research accomplishments. HERDSA Green Guide No. 13. HERDSA, Campbelltown, NSW, AustraliaHerzberg et Al ( 1993 ) Motivation to Work. 2nd edn, New York WileyHoney, P. & A Mumford, A. , 1992, The Manual o f Learning Styles, P. Honey, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UKMiller, W. ( 1987 ) , Strategic Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management, Journal of Management Studies, July, pp347-361Roger, A. ( 1983 ) Using Interviews in Personnel cream .Recruitment Handbook, 3rd edn. Aldershot Gower, 161-77Torrington, D. , Hall, L. ( 1987 ) , Personnel Management A New Approach, Prentice-Hall, LondonWeb siteswww.standardchartered.comwww.wikipedia.com/enAPPENDICSAppendix 1 Standard Chartered at a glimpseThe criterion chartered Group was formed in 1969 through a amalgamation of two Bankss The standard bank of British South Africa founded in 1863 and the hired bank of India, Australia and China, founded in 1853. It operates a web of over 1,700 subdivisions and mercantile establishments ( including subordinates, associates and joint ventures ) and employs 73,000 people.Standard chartered is listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is a component of the FTSE 100 Inde x. Its largest stockholder is Temasek Holdings.Organizational doctrine, purpose toAttract, develop and retain endowmentMake a strengths-based administrationKeep a diverse and inclusive workplaceDrive public presentation through increased battleAppendix 2 QuestionnaireQuestionnaire for face to confront interviewStandard Chartered BankNameaaaaaaaaaaaa .Job Titleaaaaaaaaaa A. Question about enlisting process1. What is your mission statement or doctrine?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2. What are the aims and ends of the company?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa4. What are the cardinal activities of HRM section?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa5. What is the Recruiting method ( s ) used?InternalExternalOther ( interest narrow ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa6. What are the stairss the company f ollow in enlisting?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa7. What plans do you hold in topographic point to guarantee that the best or most suited applier is chosen?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa8. How are occupation posters done?NewspapersTelevisionInternetCompany web sitesCombination ( Please Specify ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Other ( Please Specify ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .9. Are occupation posters developed from a current place description or recent occupation analysis?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa10. Make current place descriptions or occupation analyses determine the indispensable cognition, accomplishments, abilities, instruction, and experience needed to execute the occupation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa11. What are the choice method used by the bank?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa12. Why do y ou utilize more than one choice method?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaB. Questions about preparation13. What types of preparation do you supply for new employees?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .14. What are the methods used in preparation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa15. Make you set up outdoor preparation? If yes, Pleas specify grounds behind it?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..C. Questions about Motivation16. How long have you been employed in the company?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa17. How do you experience out about the occupation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..18. Make you believe that you are being adequately compensated?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa19. What types of benefits company offers for employees?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa20. Make you transport out public presentation assessment method? If yes, delight stipulate ground behind it?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..D. Questions about honoring21.Are the bank rewarded employees for a good occupation?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .22. What are the policies about honoring?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .23.Please reference types of compensation system of this bank?aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

A Year of Wonders

Year of Wonders is a chronicle of great courage in the face of extreme adversity discuss. A Year of Wonders, written by Geraldine Brooks is based during an era that represents a challenging time in taradiddle where original ideologies of religion is confronted by the effects of a catastrophic disease known as the black blighter. Because traditional remedies through religious rituals proved ineffective, sum of money beliefs were questioned and faith waned. How does one respond through such calamities where a cure seemingly ceased to exist?Strength, bravery and tenacity through specific females in the wise demonstrated how individuals eject respond in an exceptional manner in horrific situations. As well as highlighting the constructive effects, Geraldine Brooks as well as points out how a dissimilar outcome corporation also be created where iniquitous behaviour is resulted instead. Despite this, it is clear that although the write acknowledges the negative results, she tries to emphasise the terrific abilities instead through her narration of the novel A Year of Wonders.The heroine of the novel, Anna Frith is a symbol of hope. She represents the underdog, a timber for which has no significant importance in participation, unless as the story unfolds and her town becomes the breeding ground for a deathly infestation, she rises above her original character, an ordinary maid, and is transformed instead into a hero for her community. Her subservientness is illustrated through her selfless act in which she helps Merry Wickford, a young orphaned girl who lost her family to the plague.To prevent Merry from living a black future in a poorhouse, Anna embarks on a dangerous mission to attain the required dose of lead in the Wickford mine. Such an act held legion(predicate) potential dangers, although aware, Anna continued with her pursuit. Described as the one good, perhaps, to come out of that terrible year, Anna is a clear example of how arduous times can make heroes of us. Independent, unconventional and unique are the words that describe Anys and Mem Gowdie. Their courage is shown through their decision to not conform to their communitys ideas.They represented a different group of women in their society, one who was not a mans chattel and was still able to manage alone as a woman in the world. Such behaviour was unheard of in their society, their differences were not welcomed in the town in which they resided and many despised them for behaving as they did. As tensions rose due to the death toll from the plague increasing, any strange behaviours were questioned. Anys and Mem represented strange but despite this, they stayed true to their character from move to finish.Only the brave can stand against the perceived normal, against the ideas of what is right in the eyes of the majority and Anys and Mem are two symbolic figures who were bold enough to challenge the norm. conflicting the aforementioned, Aphra is a character who resp onds to adversity in a manner that can only be described as destructive and damaging. In the circumstance of plague in this time frame where cures were unknown, people become desperate for any remedies that may prove effective.Aphra takes advantage of these insecurities of fear and distress and exploits it for her own selfish gains. comprise as Anys Gowdies ghost, she deceives her community by selling fake charms at night which were assumed to provide cure to the disease but instead were scarce a way to make profit of the situation. Another example demonstrating Aphras detrimental means to survive is through her most climatic experience, the death of her children.This is last event for which her personality is transformed dramatically where her rational is lost completely as a coping mechanism for the loss of her kin. Harbouring a wealth of superstitions in her simple mind, the situation in which she is placed only further fuels these thoughts which eventually drives her into a s tate of insanity and hysteria. Her growing madness leads her to keep her child, organized religions deadly corpse for torturous superstitious reasons and eventually to the most climatic event in the novel, the bloody murder of Elinor Mompellion and her own gruesome suicide.Through the character Aphra, Geraldine Brooks is able to illustrate how adverse times can also make monsters of us. A Year of Wonders demonstrates how people are changed by cataclysm. These changes lead to the establishment of one of two persons a hero or a monster. Geraldine Brooks created characters such as Anna Frith and the Gowdies to highlight how individuals can use tragedy as the catalyst for good change such as valor, fortitude and tenacity.Although being largely based on celebrating such personalities, the author also takes into account of the opposing reactions. Aphra exemplifies wicked behaviour through her exploitative activities and corruptive mindset. Through this approach of contrasting two opposit e reactions of the same environment, the story shows realism as it relates to how people of todays society can respond to such conflict. By characterising these reactions, Geraldine Brooks is able to effectively mirror the responses of society in her powerfully dramatic tale.

Business risk and risk assessment: Apple Essay

I. The conjunctions Core Business Processes and Strategic ObjectivesThe bon tons products scum bag be shargond out into two main categories, personal computers and related products and portable digital music players and related products. Based on the annual report, the troupe designs, contrives and grocerys (Annual Report 2005 1) m any(prenominal) variations of the products mentioned above. The more(prenominal) popular products of the social club include the macintosh line of desktop and notebook computers, the iPod digital music player, the Xserve G5 server and Xserve RAID storage products, a portfolio of consumer and professional softw atomic number 18 product applications, the Mac OS X operating agreement, the iTunes Music Store, a portfolio of peripherals that moderate and enhance the mack and iPod product lines, and a variety of other service and support offerings (1).Design is mainly a concern of the ships companys look and development. Because the attach to is in the technology manufacture, interrogation and development is a crucial percentage of its operations. It is the manner by which the go with keeps its war-ridden advantage. In its annual report, the phoner admitted that the familiaritys force to compete successfully is heavily dependent upon its ability to ensure a continuing and timely flow of competitive products and technology to the marketplace (14).As a corollary issue to research and development, creation, resistance and acquisition of apt situation rights are also a major concern for the Company. The Company is in possession of some(prenominal) patents and copyrights. On one hand, the Company is concerned with the protection of its patent, copyrights, trademarks and service marks worldwide. In the other, it must protect itself from infringing on others intellectual property rights. The Company does not however rely on its ability to make water intellectual property, it also relies on those owned by third parti es which are acquired with licensing agreements.Because the Company is engaged in producing technology grade after course, the manufacture of the Companys products may create complications. The Company manufactures personal computers and accessories, iPod digital music players and accessories and a variety of consumer and business software applications. The raw materials for these products are sourced elsewhere. at that place are certain distinguish components that are sourced from one or bid outside source (Annual Report 2005 14). In 2005 and 2004, the Company experienced cracks in affinity to one of its products, the PowerPC G5 processors (14). This led to the non-availability of certain Apple products from the market (14). After this incident, the Company announced its intention to shift its Macintosh personal computers from PowerPC G5 and G4 processors to Intel Microprocessors (Apple to use Intel para. 1). This transition is expect to be fully implemented in 2007.The Co mpanys development of new products requires custom made raw materials that are initially single-sourced until the Company determines the ingest to develop new sources (Annual Report 2005 14). The manufacture of raw materials and the assembly of some of the Companys products are made in several(prenominal) exotic countries by third party vendors.The Companys trade is done through the Companys website, confederation-owned retail chime ins, direct selling by the Companys sale force and third party wholesalers, resellers, and value added resellers. The Companys main markets are usually in the following fields education, business, creative and consumer market (Annual Report 2005 12). In 2005, the US education industry accounted for more than 12% of the Companys net sales (12). The Company is not dependent on any single customer for its income. In fact, no single customer of the Company accounted for more than 10% of its sales for three succeeding fiscal years, 2003 to 2005 (12).The Company is divided into four reportable operating segments, America, Europe, Japan, and retail. It also has an operating segment in Asia-Pacific. The three geographical segments mentioned above do not include retail. The Retail segment operates in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Japan. (3)The Company intends to hold on its substantial investment in research and development. The Companys strategical plan includes the avail of the Companys alert products, as well as the development of new ones (7). The Company also believes in the capitalizing in the convergence of digital consumer products (7). This is in keeping with industry trend. For example, both the Company and Microsoft have patents that would advance or create wifi-sharing ability (wireless connectivity) in iPod, iPhone and Zune (Cheng para. 1). Zune, Micosofts digital music player, already has a wireless sharing capability which the iPod hopes to emulate. The new patent of the Company may also make it pos sible for the consumer to directly purchase media from a server through the iPod or iPhone (para 5 and 6).The Company also plans to continue to exploit the perceived advantages of the Companys products. These advantages are innovative industrial design, intuitive ease-of-use, and built-in networking, fine art and multimedia capabilities (Annual Report 2005 2).Another shift in the Companys product development is the shift to a greener apple. The Company announced its intention to continue to remove toxic waste from new products and aggressively recycle old products (Jobs). The Company claims that it is leading the industrys efforts to create more environmentally responsible for(p) company and products. The Company plans to create more energy efficient products in the future (para. 29). The Company is not alone in this. Other companies also exerted efforts to argue social and environmental awareness. Sometime in 2007, Google released a more energy saving black screen after a study showing that a blacks screen uses less electricity than a white one.As far as its marketing is concerned, the Company plans to expand the distribution of its products. In the past year it has focused on adding on to its direct selling capabilities and the improvement of its sales staff. The Company entrust continue this style by building more Company-owned store in amply traffic locations (Annual Report 2005 8). It also aims to widen its consumer base by targeting first-time computer owners and those people who do not own a Macintosh computer (8). The Company also plans to continue building brand awareness by increasing investment in marketing and advertising as shown by the increase in selling expenses everywhere the years.II. Business RisksResearch and development is a major component of the Companys business encounter. It involve a significant amount of the Companys resources, with research and development expenditures amounting to $534million, $489million, and $471million in 2005, 2004, and 2003, respectively (Annual report 2005 13). The benefits are also contingent on several factors, including the ability of the Company to determine which products or innovations can be successfully developed, manufactured and marketed. There is always the endangerment of choosing the wrong innovation to focus resources on. The harm to produce marketable products regularly means loss of resources and market standing.Research and development also has a legal risks involved. The Company has admitted that because of the rapid change in technology and the pace by which new patents are being issued, it is possible certain components of the Companys products and business methods may unknowingly infringe outliveing patents of others (15).Aside from suits relating to infringement of intellectual property rights, the Company is also facing various suits in relation to its products and a derivative suit filed by its shareholders involving inequitable competitor and false a nd misleading proxy statements. In 2006, the Company was placed downstairs scrutiny due to dribble option grants, some of which are issued to the Companys CEO, Steve Jobs, in 1997 and 2001 (Iwata). There were allegations of stockholders that the grant was part of a backdating scheme, a scheme were it is made to appear that the options are transacted at a posterior date when the shares are valued lower (Apple comes under scrutiny).The investigation showed thousands of backdating grants including two made to CEO Jobs, the second of which did not observe the requirements for validity (Iwata). CEO Jobs was not held accountable for the irregularity of the grant. However, because of the irregularity in the stock options grants issued, the Company restated prior years monetary statements. Because of these events, the Company admitted in its annual report (2006) the thither is just risk of litigation, regulatory proceedings and government enforcement actions (21).The manufacturing of t he Companys products raises some special concerns. As stated above certain key components can precisely be obtained from a single or limited source (Annual Report 2005 13). Even key components that are not from a single or limited source are sometimes subject to availability constraints and pricing pressures (13). In facts, sometime in 2005 and 2004, the company already experienced delays in acquiring key components which led the Company to change one of the major components of one of its products. The Company admits that the loss of certain suppliers would have an adverse effect on the Company (14).Because of this, there is a risk that the Company exit not be able to meet demands for the Companys products or that the Company will incur delay in the delivery the products ordered by customers. The Company also relies on third parties to supply digital content in its iTunes stores and to develop certain software applications. The failure of third parties to supply digital content do es not only affect the performance of iTune stores but also the dominant position of the Companys digital music player. In the same manner, the failure of software developers to develop programs compatible with the Companys computer platform due to bigger market for Windows and Linux will adversely affect the demand for the Companys personal computers.The use of foreign third party vendors in the final assembly of the Companys portable products and as suppliers of raw materials increases the Companys risk of being adversely affected by political and economic conditions in these foreign countries. Political upheaval and economic crisis in foreign countries can affect suppliers ability to meet the Companys demand.The Company faces cut throat competition on many of its products. In the advent of personal computers, the Company owns a significant chunk of the market. Over the years, the Companys market share grew littler and littlerer. In July 2006, the Companys market share is around 2.2% (Apple market share myth), a significant drop from its original market share. However, percentage figures do not account for the growth in the PC market since its birth in the 1980s. The decline in the Companys market share can also be attributed to the growth of numerous generic brands that are much cheaper than the Companys Mac computers. The proliferation of clones led many companies to lower their prices and profit permissiveness to gain a bigger market share.There is an on going price competition in the PC market, and the Company is striving to be competitive in this area. However, the Companys business strategy seems to focus less in making cheaper PCs but more on developing products that appeal to its break market, such as the creative market (Annual Report 2005 2). This strategy of the Company is a business risk because the limited market base makes it more threatened to economic factors. Decline in spending ability of one of its niche market can have a greater impac t on the company than if it has diverse market. On the other hand, it removes the Company from the competition in market segments that are already saturated with other players.Some analysts believe that part of the height of the Companys strategy is that it has refused to compete in a market over which Microsoft already has a monopoly (Apple market share myth). Microsoft has acquired a monopoly in the industry by selling cheap PCs with expensive software or a system called exclusive software bundling. This makes it difficult for other companies to develop operating systems that are competitive with Microsofts. The Companys strategy in focusing on the improvement of what the consumers perceived as the functional and design advantages of the Macintosh platform opens the Company to the risk mentioned above but it also removes it from the competing in saturated markets.The digital music player market is expected to grow up to 286 million units in 2010 (Guza para.1). The Companys own pr oduct, iPod, continues to dominate the market however, many competitors are cropping up, challenging the Companys dominant position. Analyst believes that the Company should not be complacent regarding its dominant position in the business since the digital music player market is young and has only penetrated a small portion of the market in the United States (Siklos). Although many competitors have tried to challenge the Companies and failed, the competition is not giving up. Competitor, Microsoft, came up with Zune, its own brand of digital music player that is compatible with Microsofts own on-line music store. Samsung, Sandisk and Creative have came out with products of their own. Software, hardware and on-line companies are working in concert to mete out technical difficulties in the initial launch of their own digital music players, and improving their services (Wingfield para. 4). There is a risk that the Companys music related products may follow the road of its personal co mputers.III. Three Most Significant Financial Statement AccountsThe three most significant financial statement accounts for the Company are research and development, stock, and common stock.Research and development is significant because the Company is engaged in the production and marketing of technology. Not only is research and development expense significantly higher compared to other industry, it is also the cost which enables the Company to continue its existence. In the industry where the Company belongs, obsolescence happens very fast. If the Company fails to innovate, there will come a time that the Company itself will be obsolete since the consumers have switched to the more recently developed products. Many of the Companys strategic plans are tied up with research and development, such as the plans to improve existing products and the move towards convergence of digital products.The plans of the company to improve and to add innovations to existing products will involve a significant amount of the Companys resources. The amount of the companys resources spent in research and development are expensed directly, except for the costs which are incurred after the innovation has been determined to be technologically feasible (Annual Report 2005 68).The failure of the Company to produce technologically feasible products may increase research and development expense, in the same manner that the success of developing technologically feasible products does not unavoidably decrease research and development expense. If all the cost for development of the product was incurred before it was determined to be technologically feasible, all cost are expensed outright regardless of feasibility. Based on the Companys financial statements, capitalization of research and development expense is minimal (77).Inventory is significant for the Company since its operations involved both manufacturing and retail. The Companys inventory is subject to several business risks al ready discussed above. In relation to the supplies issue, the Company entered into long-term supply agreements with several companies which bound the Company to these suppliers until 2010. As part of the agreement, the Company is required to make prepayment amounting to $1.25 billion in the second quarter of 2006. (Annual Report 2005 91)Part of the Companys objectives is to ensure a continuing and timely flow of competitive products and technology to the marketplace. The achievement of this objectives means that the Companys inventory levels are always enough to meet demands for the Companys products. This would also mean that the Company has successfully managed it inventory during the year. Proper anxiety of inventory would result in a year end inventory level is not too high or to low.The Companys common stock is significant for the year 2006 because of the discovered irregularities in the issuance of stock option grants issued in 1997 and 2001. These resulted in allegations of fraud and falsification of documents (Wearden para.4). The Company has already investigated the matter, and the result of such investigation has exonerated CEO Steve Jobs of any misconduct. However, restatements of prior years financial statements were made, including the common stock and other related accounts (para. 3). This account is not necessarily affected by the Companys strategic objectives. The stock option grant issue itself affected the performance of the Companys stock in the market and even raised the issue of possibly delisting from NASDAQ, but which turned out be without bases.IV. Management AssertionsThe counseling self-confidences germane(predicate) to research and development expense are completeness, accuracy, cut-off and classification. Completeness is a relevant management assertion because research and development is an expense account, and so, there is a risk that the Company will not include all research and development cost incurred in order to increase the net income for the year. Accuracy is relevant because there is a risk that transactions relating to this account are not recorded properly, resulting in under or over statement of the expense account and, in effect, of net income for the fiscal year.Cut-off is relevant for research and development so that there is proper twinned of the expense with the revenue earned during the fiscal year. Failure to record expense in the correct accounting period can also result to over or under statement of the net income for the year. Classification is also a relevant for research and development because there is a risk that the Company will capitalize research and development improperly resulting in the over statement of net income for the year and inflating the Companys asset even if there are no expected future benefits. Failure to record the amount in the proper account can also mean that there is no twinned of income and expense.The management assertions relevant to inventory are exi stence, valuation and rights. Existence is a relevant management assertion because there is a risk that the Company will record assets that are not there in order to make the financial conditions of the Company look better to investors. The recording of assets that do not exist can also mean failure to record expenses which, in effect, results to overstatement of net income. Valuation is also a relevant because there is a risk that the Company may overstate the value of the asset to improve the financial statement of the Company. In either management assertions, there is a risk of management inflating the asset of the Company usually to improve the stockholders equity of the Company. Management assertions as to rights over inventory is also relevant because there is a risk that the Company included in its assets, inventories whose ownership has already passed to another, to improve the financial statements of the Company.The management assertions relevant to common stock are existen ce and valuation. Existence is a relevant management assertion because there is a risk that the Company records stocks which are not in reality subscribed and issued or issues stock for which no consideration was actually received by the Company, also called watered stocks. Valuation is also relevant because there is a risk that the Company will over value the property received in consideration for the stocks issued, particularly if the stock is issued for consideration other than cash, making it appear that the Company is better off than it actually is. Both management assertions can be used by the Company to lure investors to invest in the Company under false pretenses.Although wrong management assertions can be a result of other causes that are not deliberate on the part of management, such as mistakes. The assertions mentioned above are relevant to those accounts because there is the special risk of deliberate misstatement on the part of management.V. Environmental RisksThere is a low inherent, control and detection risk in management assertions of completeness and accuracy of the research and development expense based on the Companys conservative approach in recording research and development, as well as, the relative rest of identifying and recording research and development expense.On the other hand, the management assertion relating to the cut-off of research and development expense is assessed as having high inherent, control and detection risk because of the lack of sufficient data regarding the Companies processes and controls relating to this account. Because the risks mentioned above are assessed at maximum, more substantial test shall be performed to decrease audit risk.There is a high inherent risk in the classification of research and development expense because of the difficulty of determining technological feasibility. The mark of Technological feasibility can be extremely subjective. On the other hand, there is low control and detection risk in the classification of research and development expense because based on the Companys past practices, the Company is very conservative in capitalizing research and development expenses. The percentage of research and development expense capitalized by the Company is very small compared to the research and development expense incurred every year. It is the Companys policy to record all development cost incurred before determination of technological feasibility as expense, and the determination of technological feasibility is usually done after a large portion of the cost of development has been incurred so that only a small portion of the cost is actually capitalized and amortized.The inherent, control and detection risk is high for all assertions related to inventory because the operations of the Company is complex and international. The final assemblies of some of the Companys products which are performed by the Company itself are in different locations outside the United St ates. There are also final assemblies of the Company products that are performed by third parties in different countries in Asia. The Company also takes advantage of several ways of marketing its products. It uses company-owned stores, direct selling, third party sellers and on-line selling. These make it extremely difficult to keep track of the movement of the inventory and to determine when ownership over the inventory change hands.The inherent risk is assessed as high for the management assertion of existence and valuation of common stock. This is because of the investigation which the Company itself initiated in relation to its stock options grant. The investigation caused the Company to adjust its income from prior years amounting to $84 million. The Company also has stock-based compensation plans consisting of stock options grants and stock purchase plans (Annual Report 2005 88) which calls for complicated computations. The control and detection risk is assessed as low for the management assertion of existence and valuation of common stock because of the Companys efforts to investigate the matter as soon as the problem arose. It was the Company itself that announced the existence of irregularities in the issuance of its stock options grant. The Company has put in placed control mechanisms to address the matter. Moreover, records of the investigation conducted can help the auditor minimize detection risk.

Allah’s miracles in QUran

Fourteen centuries ago, Allah sent down the Quran. This book of guidance and wisdom calls opus to the truth and instructs all human beings to adhere to the values which this mighty revelation contains. From the day of its revelation to the Day of Judgement, this last divine book will preserve as the sole guide for humanity. The book of Allah states, But it is nothing less than a Reminder to all the worlds. (Quran, ) Ever since the Quran was revealed, it has possessed an easily understandable row and tone, accessible to all people and in all times. Allah tells us of this style in the Quran We have made the Quran easy to remember (Quran,) The perfection of the literary vocabulary of the Quran, the incomparable features of its style and the superior wisdom contained within it are some of the definitive proofs that it represents the word of our lord.Ever since the dawn of human life on this planet, Man has endlessly sought to understand Nature, his own place in the scheme of Creatio n and the purpose of Life itself. In this quest for Truth, spanning many centuries and diverse civilizations, organized pietism has shaped human life and determined to a large extent, the course of history. While some religions have een based on books, claimed by their adherents to be divinely inspired, others have relied solely on human experience.A1-Quraan, the main source of the Islamic faith, is a book believed by Muslims, to be of completely Divine origin. Muslims also believe that it contains guidance for all mankind. Since the message of the Quraan is believed to be for all times, it should be relevant to every age. Does the Quraan pass this test? In this booklet, I intend to give an accusive analysis of the Muslim belief regarding the Divine origin of the Quraan, in the light of established scientific discoveries. Allahs miracles in QUran By maown786

The Global Business Crisis and Consumer Behavior

The Global vexation Crisis and Consumer Behavior Kingdom of Bahrain as a font Study Durra Mansoor & Akram Jalal January 2011 Summary This research aims to learn how Bahrain consumers moved(p) by global monetary crisis since 2007. Additionally, it focuses on changes in consumer behavior after global crisis. The result of this research is based on questioner summary which tries to measure knowledge about global crises to randomly selected consumers in Bahrain. The World is facing with economic challenges. America, sizable Europe and Asia affected by financial crises in some different levels.The global financial crisis affected all consumers in the World not only economically but also psychologically. This new financial situation increased panic and uncertainty on consumers in globe. In hard and stressful times such as economic crises, consumer behavior changes have occurred. Because of FC, consumers changed their behaviors by reducing their consumption. People became money-minde d and they dont want to blow over money for premium products anymore, and they prefer cheapest products. They redefine necessities and luxuries.Also you can readBusiness Ethics ComprisesSo, they only buy the things which are taking place on their shopping list. Theyre canvass products and making their choices by compromising quality. Some of them started to manage their income by searching on e-commerce websites to catch best(p) price. They are planning their purchasing by postponing usances like discretionary expenditure to make savings. Thus, their total expenditure amount decreased because of global crisis. According to Mansoor and Jalal (2011), the role that consumers play in these days is very pivotal to business survival.It is driving force behind the success of many businesses, because most of the contemporary consumers spend major(ip) time on buying decisions. Consumers buying decision is changing person to person. However, after economic crises, consumer started to spe nd much time for information and decision making. By predicting consumers behavior, a business can insure consumers needs, and can work on fulfilling the needs and meeting the expectations of their customers (Mansoor and Jalal, 2011). Businesses should work hard for success of their businesses and furnish to strengthen their long-term strategies.They should personalize their products to earn consumers loyalty. Making investment to their brand and differentiating themselves against to their competitors are also crucial. Businesses should sum new and irreplaceable products to their portfolios and build tight relations with their consumers to survive in financial crisis. Consumers in Bahrain alter to new trends after financial crisis. They preferred to purchase less priced and substitute products compared by expensive products. They though that expensive products are not that much worthy by considering their high prices.

Honda Motor Company Ltd. Essay

How does Mr. Hondas history with suppliers relate to Hondas veritable supply precaution strategy? Hondas current supply management strategy is consistent with Mr. Hondas history. There three factors about Hondas supply management strategy, focus on local mart, strain on competition and reliable suppliers. According to the Hondas export strategy of Honda and U.S. Japan Automotive throw(1997), it is clearly that Honda focuses on regional markets which contributes to developing more sales, strong research and break down training. And their strategy of manufacturing the products where or near to where they be sold is the result of their being local strategy. Additionally, focus on local market benefits not only Honda but also the local brass. Taking the US market as an example, on angiotensin-converting enzyme hand, Hondas commitment to global trade and the positive benefits that result for U.S. jobs, suppliers, consumers and exports.On the early(a) hand, when the government b enefits from Honda, it is easier for Honda to develop in the future. The other unmatchable is that Honda continuously emphasizes the competition of globalization. And during the intense competition, finding reliable suppliers to tick off and advance the quality of achievement is very important. Being globalization is the corollary goal if one company wants to counterbalance more benefit. And reliable suppliers ar of great significance for company. This is the foundation of being on time as well as having groovy quality. Furthermore, Hondas suppliers are able to be involved in the study process to give suggestion and excite duologue with Honda. In this way, Honda has access to know how to make it better and faster. Why is get so important at Honda?Purchasing is important to Honda because of its strategy to be globalization. As Honda is a transnational corporation, it is very important to know the unlike constitution, culture and environment in different local places in order to producing saving, managing contracts effectively and offering productive supplier consanguinitys. Effective supply chain management depends on material availability, purchase volume, product cost and types of materials. As there thousands of parts in a car, sometimes materials should be bought from all over the world to reduce cost. Purchasing ensures the lowest price with good quality. And with communication as well asnegotiation to the suppliers, it is possible to make all the products to be produced on time with lower cost which is very important. Additionally, purchasing takes what kind of contract is the silk hat into consideration which contributes to managing contracts effectively. overdue to the different environment in every location, an appropriate type of contract benefits Honda and suppliers at the same time. Furthermore, as mentioned above, Honda pays a lot attention to the descent with suppliers.One of the important part of purchasing is negotiating with the suppliers. With good negotiation and communication, it not only increases the chance of getting better deal but also contributes to establishing positive relationship with suppliers. How does purchasing rank in the corporate structure at Honda? Purchasing ranks highly in the corporate structure at Honda. It is in charge of local purchasing which decides the local suppliers as well as the global source. Besides, it has the option of adding a second source of supply. How is Honda organized globally? How does this help/hinder the purchasing function at Honda? Honda has lead automotive exporter which increase the buying and selling power for Honda. Honda focus on the localization as well as globalization which neutralizes the effect of currency rate. However, it also causes some problems much(prenominal) as at the beginning it is hard to coordinate between the local and the global. But this problem has been work out when the international purchasing department strengthen its mac ro-control of the local and global purchasing.Honda is sensitive to international requirements which means it takes advantages as well as create opportunities with local government. Since 1986 the MOSS came out, Honda created thousands of job opportunities in US and in turn it gets a lot benefit. What are the key elements of Hondas supplier evaluation policy? How does it differ from others (e.g. the Big Three)? Suppliers are able to be involved in the product development to some degree. Different from others which control everything during purchasing and the suppliers are just responsible for supplying products as what is in the contract, Hondas suppliers are able to adduce advice about enhancing the efficiency which facilitate the cooperation as well as the products. In other words, Honda and its suppliers are mutually-beneficial cooperation earlier than Honda just relies on suppliers. Continuous development and responsiveness of suppliers at the early age of product development process is critically important. Honda tries toencourage suppliers suggestions early before finalizing drawings, particularly in the area of cost reducing and quality improvement. Honda always tries to maintain relationship with suppliers. It is hard to communicate effectively in Hondas four trade zone but Honda always pays attention to it. As Mr. Morita says, Honda places value on maintaining relationships, so we do not enter into them lightly.Different from companies which focus on the immediate benefit of low cost earlier than long-term benefits of maintaining relationship, Honda values suppliers and tries best to maintain good relationship with suppliers which turns out to be a very economical strategy. Because changing suppliers or having problems with current suppliers always takes a lot of time and money of sterilize it. What is Hondas policy on new product development and supplier involvement? How does it differ from other automotive companies? Hondas policy on new produc t development and supplier involvement includes ii pars Pacific Automotive Cooperative since 1986 and Re-assigned Pacific Automotive Cooperative since 1995. The former one was signed by Japanese and American government which required companies to report all of their import and localization volumes. The latter one consisted of 32 shareholders from joint venture composed of Japanese automakers which was established to meet political objective for production in North America.Both of the policies emphasize on the involvement and cooperation of suppliers. Different from other automotive companies, suppliers of Honda have access to have knowledge of product development process and to offer suggestion which enhance the relationship between Honda and suppliers as well as promote the production efficiency. Hondas culture have always emphasized globalization. Honda cultivated an international background at a very early age resulting in getting along with suppliers well. Conversely, Nissan an d Toyota primarily exported vehicles, and did not develop this international culture. Does Honda support local sourcing from domestic suppliers? What are the advantages / disadvantages of this approach? Yes, Honda strongly supports local sourcing from domestic suppliers. AdvantagesFirstly, it is easier for Honda to create and develop domestic market with domestic suppliers which actualise customer culture and market better than Honda itself. Secondly, domestic suppliers decrease the cost of time andmoney to mobilize and produce. Thirdly, as there may be several domestic suppliers, so Honda has more options to choose the best one. And additionally,, domestic suppliers lower the risk of discontinuousness. DisadvantagesAt the beginning of purchasing, domestic suppliers may be lacking in specific raw materials or components. And furthermore, how to adjust the domestic suppliers with global market is very important. Hondas policy and commit to long-term relationships has been criticize d as being too loyal, and Honda will go to ridiculous lengths to maintain a supplier relationship before severing ties. What do you think about these criticisms? Although Hondas policy is criticized, in my opinion, it is still of great significance. When choosing suppliers, quality of products they supply compared with the cost and delivery fee are the closely important factors. If the suppliers were able to satisfy these requirements, there is no need to change suppliers. Additionally, Honda keeps increasing the relationship with suppliers by involving them into the product development process, which benefits both Honda and suppliers. Stable and long-term relationship doesnt equal ridiculous lengths. With efforts, it is one way to increase the quality of suppliers.