A Character Analysis of the Fifty Shades of Christian Grey Essay

E. L. James, author of the cubic decimeter sunglasses Trilogy, created an incredibly, emotion eithery torn character in Christian grayness. In this paper, I volition discuss the truth throne his need for prevail, his guarded emotions, and his deprivation of self-worth. I leave behind delve into his past and link his childhood demons to his personality as an adult. Also, I exit show how he reverts back to adolescence in a way that would gather Freud smirk, See I told you. It all(a) comes back to waken in the end. I will discuss the myriad of social and environmental factors in his adult spiritedness which take him from a life of debasement and depravity into the light. The major questions addressed argon1. What arche pillowcase(s) is Christian colour classified as?2. What are the main influences on Christian colour ins personality? 3. What are the main conflicts with which the character struggles and how do they affect his thoughts and actions? 4. What are the motivate factors behind colourizes behavior, thoughts and changes?Through analysis, the layers of Christian hoarys aloof demeanor and public Persona will be peeled away, revealing his true demons and his struggle to control and come to grips with them. His dwarf that has kept him so closed off all his life, until the casualty meeting of a beautiful college student, forces him to befool some changes . The factors behind his change from an Alec DUrberville to an Angel Clare will be evident. At the conclusion of the paper, you will be up to(p) to jut out how a few select social and environmental factors accommodate a large bushel on this character.Identifying the archetypes of Christian canescentChristian Grey has three identifiable archetypes. The first one would be the Ruler . He lives his life in control. As a powerful CEO of his large holdings company, he portrays a dictatorial presence. Everything in his life is done through a set of rules and contracts. This includes his persona l life as puff up. Grey believes that information is control. He does background checks on all of his employees and l all overs. Christian chooses hobbies that allow him to go through in control and powerful. He chooses flying, gliding, soaring and sails.Christian does non have normal intimate kins with women. He expresses his emotions and sexual needs through a sadist lifestyle. Grey is a dominate sadist that employees submissives to find his release with. He does not have friends because of trust issues that stem from his very early(a) childhood. His early days are what make up his keister . For most of his life he chooses to repress the memories of his youth. He believes his past is just that, his past, and that is where it should stay.Grey had a dark and twisted childhood. He fights to maintain control of his emotions and memories, but they creep into every brass of his life. He has terrifying nightmares filled with snippets of dark and evil memories from his time with his birth mother. As the layers of Christian Greys persona are peeled away, these memories help the reader to understand his actions, thoughts, and his greed for wealth as an adult. Through the love of a teen woman, he begins to realize that his past is the basis for his thought processes and actions. The Shadow is what causes him to feel haunted, lost, angry, lonely, controlling, and self-loathing. His inability to control his life and surroundings as a child feed this archetype. Greys Shadow encompasses two subtypes of a Sadistic personality, Explosive and Enforcing .Being forced to confront his Shadow brings about many changes for his character. Although his Persona archetype remains the same through the story line, those close to him, see the changes and progress, he makes personally. Greys Persona archetype never waivers from the enigmatic, successful, in control, have- it-all, very wealthy, philanthropic, private young entrepreneur. Those on the outside of his circle have no idea of the war he wages internally with his Shadow. Greys Persona is always one of a polite but business orientated equanimity. He is someone who k flats and controls every detail of his business and personal relationships.These are traits that would classify him as aReputation-Defending Antisocial . Reputation-Defending Antisocial personalities also have narcissistic tendencies. They need to be seen as unflawed, unbreakable, and a unnerving adversary. The antisocial aspect is used to counteract the thickheaded internal beliefs a narcissist has of inferiority and a lack of self-esteem. Christian is a Flawed Hero as well.He is tortured by the lengths that he has to go through to keep his family and wife safe. Grey does not accept the praise of a hero, nor does he often get it, due to the way he goes about protecting them. To his family his protection looks more to them as oppression because he maintains a security detail for each member of his family and rejects their requests to indulge in authorized activities. He is faced with resistance at every turn in response to his seemingly well intended actions and rules.Due to their disobedience, they often realize that he was right, and he is forced to save them. Throughout the trilogy, Christian remains exasperated by their actions. The final archetype that Grey possesses is the Lover . Despite his dictatorial presence, he has moments of extreme tenderness and displays of affection towards his wife, Ana. He wants nothing more but to love and be love by her. He is consumed by his feeling for her and keeping her safe. Greys world begins and ends with her.His goal is to make sure that she is happy and loved. He struggles to understand these first time feelings of love, want, need, passion, and fear, after twenty plus years of living alone, secluded in his own person castle in the sky . Although his tactics arent always clearly that of a Lover, if we look past the surface of the action, we can see they stem from his deep emotional connection with Ana. What are the main influences on Christian Greys personality? Christians rocky start in early childhood and adolescence is the focal point for his shortcomings and success at the same time. Seemingly full of confidence and sophistication, Christian had a bad start in life. born(p) to a drug addict mother, who he refers to as the crack whore, he was discovered, beaten, and cowed, next to her physical structure. She overdosed, and her brutal buster left her and her child alone in their squalid flat for four days before report her death. Grey was severely malnourished and had signs of horrific physical vilification when he was rescued.The physical abuse and heedlessness that he suffered the first four years of his life left him unable to endure the touch of anyone. His body bears the scars of thephysical abuse. He realizes that his preference for sexual partners and sadism stems from his relationship, or lack thereof, with biological mother, Ella. Ella was a small framed, thin, and brown haired woman. As he looks back on all the sexual partners with which he has engaged in BDSM, they all look the likes of her.He now understands he likes to hurt women who look like his mother. Grey matte unloved, neglected, and abused by his mother. His pickaxe of lifestyle is a way to passively exert revenge for the fuss that she caused him. His treatment as a child has left him with PTSD. This is made evident with his frequent flashbacks and night terrors of the abuse he suffered at the hand of his biological mother and her pimp. The fact that he was thirsty(p) as a child gives him a waste not, want not motto.The experience of being left alone and hungry for days in a room with his dead mother affected him . His decision to invest in farming, his projects to help feed the poor and his constant obsessing over whether or not Ana has eaten can all be linked to this childhood trauma. Christians adoption by pediatrician Grace Trevelyan -Grey and her attorney hubby Carrick, gives him the opportunity of a break-dance life. Ostensibly, he grows up in a loving, normal family, but his early years have left a big impression on him. He regards Grace as his angel.He says that she saved him from a terrible fate. Despite the love and admiration that he feels for his raw(a) mother and family, he cannot figure out how to express this love. Grey begins to fight and act out in ordinate to gain negative attention. While his new family is willing to give him positive attention and unconditional love, Christian does not think he deserves this love. He has an extremely distorted view of self-worth. Unintentionally, his new family enabled his NPD (Narcissistic personality Disorder) by overindulging his every whim and praising him for his exceptional looks and musical abilities .At the age of 15, hes introduced to the delights of sex and bondage by a friend of his mothers, Elena Lincoln, whom Ana christens (only half-jokingly) a s Mrs. Robinson. Elenas warped sexuality will have a strong and enduring influence on his life. Christian originally sees their relationship as a good thing. He feels that Elena gave him an outlet for his anger and raging teenage hormones . Grey is thankful to her for saving him from the path of self-destruction, he was headed down.This relationship in his formative years affects his sexual preferences in adulthood. Its a classic case ofIm the way I am now because my childhood messed me up. He has difficulty in forging normal relationships. He cant bear to be touched. And he can only have a sexual encounter if he is the dominant partner he cannot make love with someone as an equal. Fixation has occurred at the adolescent stage of development. This is the point where a Possessive Masochistic personality is cultured and developed . He describes himself as not the hearts and flowers type . That is, until he meets college student Anastasia Steele.What are the main conflicts that the ch aracter struggles with and how do they affect his thoughts and actions? Greys chance meeting with Ana during an interview for the college newspaper turns his world upside down. He begins to feel emotions that he has never matte up before. This is very confusing for Grey as he does not know how to deal with his reaction to this mulish and defiant woman. Grey slowly seduces Ana, though its hardly traditional. He has a very special(prenominal) goal in mind his BDSM world, his world of bondage and discipline (BD), domination and submission (DS), and sadism and masochism (SM). Gradually, Ana experiments with being a submissive, though this goes against her personality and even her ideas about relationships.Grey acts dominant even outside of the playroom and his choice as dominant clearly reflect who he is and what he needs. Christian has never met anyone like Anastasia before. His foregoing Submissives proved incompatible or headed for the hills. He now has to redefine his thinking b ased on his relationship with Anastasia. He admits to her that he is willing to try a hearts and flowers approach more. We learn that Ana isnt like his other submissives. Even Grey himself recognizes this.What makes Ana so different? Why is Grey even still with her, when she fundamentally shuns the whole contract, negotiations, etc.? She frequently angers him by defying him or refusing to give him information he thinks he deserves. Its her anti-submission that forces little cracks to begin to form in Greys armor. He goes against many of his own rules, and is better for it. He initiates real love-making (not BDSM) with Ana to take her virginity, which is a first for him.He admires Anas debating skills, and her negotiating skills. He ends up staying the night in the same bed with her a few times and sleeps better for it. It is his personal struggle with these newfeelings he is experiencing about Ana, and how to cope with them, that is the biggest conflict he faces. She pushes the boun daries that he has had his entire life. He battles with his subconscious over how to act in response to her emotional exploits and physical touch. Ana puts him in very uncomfortable situations over and over again each ending with pleasurable outcomes, effectively, applying classical conditioning to occur and alter his behavior.What are the motivating factors behind Greys behavior, thoughts, and changes? Eventually, Ana has a predilection of Greys true dominant self, and that taste is more than enough for her. Ana decides to leave Christian, forcing his whole world into darkness. Anas leaving makes it very evident to Grey that he is in love for the first time in his life . He realizes that he cannot control the situation or his emotions. This is a turning point for his character. The once measured and self-reliant man is now shattered, lonely, and wanton for Anas return. Love is something he never thought he was capable of and still does not believe he is worthy of receiving.The abu se and neglect he suffered as a child have skewed his self-esteem and self-worth. Greys formative years have greatly contributed to his Narcissistic Personality. He now wrestles internally how to process these new emotions of joy, love, jealousy, and protectiveness he feels for Ana. Anas eventual return due to his down(p) pursuit and her emotional emptiness without him, forces him to admit his love. Ana little by little gets him to open up emotionally. Greys character slowly realizes that his past isnt his past but his present and future as well. He reluctantly learns to give up a little of the control that he thrives on. His reluctance is proven to be a valid concern. After his marriage to Ana, their life starts to spin out of control due to the actions of someone from his childhood . Ana learns that she is pregnant.This sends Grey into a rage. Life in the raw is something he cannot regulate. He loses his composure and falls back into the company of Elena (Mrs. Robinson) for a nigh t. It is only during a drunken conversation with Elena, crying and seethe about becoming a father that he realizes what they did all those years ago, was wrong.Works CitedSynchronicity adept Digital Magazine. (2009). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http//www.synchronicityexpert.com/archetypes.html Changing Minds.Org. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http//changingminds.org/explanations/identity/jung_archetypes.htm Golden, C. (n.d.). 12 Common Archetypes. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http//www.soulcraft.co/essays/the_12_common_archetypes.html Groopman MD, L. &. (2006). Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Armenian Medical Network. Hardy, T. (1892). Tess of the dUrbervilles. New York Harper & Bros. James, E. (2011). Fifty Shades Darker. New York Vintage Books. James, E. (2011). Fifty Shades of Grey . New York Vintage Books. James, E. (2012). Fifty Shades Freed. New York Vintage Books. James, E. (2012). Fifty Shades Trilogy. New York Vintage Books. Millon, T. (2006). Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from www.millon.net http//www.millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm VHHS k-12. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http//teachers.vestavia.k12.al.us/townsendjn/VHHS/Eng_11_CP_files/archetypeschart.pdf

Ibm Risk Analysis

Relative Size in the Industry IBM is part of the technology sectors in the diversified electronic computer systems industry (IBM Summary for contrary craft Machines- yokel Finance). The market cowl is 254 billion with IBM making up 218. 6 billion. IBM is the largest keep company relative to the diversified computer systems industry. In a less specific industry of computers IBM solo trails Microsoft bow window by 12 billion dollars ( foreign condescension Machines Corp. ).Because of IBMs large size relative to its industry the relative size does not lay a large traffic risk to IBM because they sack leverage their large market shargon, capabilities, and achieve economies of scales. Accept adapted audit risk is affected by the relative size of IBM in the industry it operates. IBM is a large worldwide corporation and thus there are a very large number of financial rehearsal users. The large number of financial statement users causes the auditors to set acceptable audit risk at a lower number and thus lowering planned detection risk and increasing the amount of attest that essential be accumulated.Major Competitors IBMs major competitors in the diversified computer systems industry are Hewlett Packard keep company Common, Teraselective information muckle, Cray Inc. , and Silicon Graphics International (IBM Summary for International occupation Machines- bumpkin Finance). These competitors do not pose a large risk to IBM because they have much sm eitherer market-shares than IBM Hewlett Packard Company Common IBMs approximate competitor only has a market capitalization of 24. 4 billion and the next c fall asleeps which is Teradata Corporation only has a market cap of 10. billion (IBM Summary for International tune Machines- Yahoo Finance). In the computer industry IBMs major competitors are Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Cisco Systems, and Intel Corporation (International Business Machines Corp. ) IBM due to in operation(p) in over 170 assorted countries in septuple different industry members and competitors vary by segment from large international enterprises to sm aloneer narrowly center oned entities and thus IBM recognizes 100s of competitors (International Business Machines Corporation 2011).Intense competition regardless of IBM being a leader in almost all segments however does increase risks for IBM much(prenominal) as toll competition which lowers gross margin ratios, losing market share, and obsolescence of current produces. IBMs major competitors by business segment are discussed in the next section. Major Products & Competition by Product IBMs major business segments are Global engine room go, Global Business run, software program, Systems and Technology, and Global Financing.Global Technology Services includes strategic Information Technology outsourcing function to transform clients existing infrastructures, ball-shaped handle run which includes process platforms and business process outsourcin g, integrated technology services which are a project based portfolio of services to optimize IT which is built around key assets and patented software program to drive efficiency, flexibility, productivity, and reduce costs, and the GTS services actors line which is responsibly or delivery of IBM technology worldwide. International Business Machines Corporation 2011) Global Business Services proposes consulting and system integration which bring appreciate to the customer by improving strategy and transformation, application blueprint services, enterprise application, and business analytics and optimization. Global Business Services in any case includes application management services which can assistance in application nurture, management, maintenance and entertain for software and custom and legacy applications. International Business Machines Corporation 2011) IBM faces major competition in the global services segments global technology services and global business serv ices from the broad based competitors Accenture, Computer Sciences Corporation, Fujitsu and Hewlett-Packard Company. IBM also competes with India-based service providers, public nebing firms providing consulting services, and companies that focus on topical anaesthetic market and niche service areas. International Business Machines Corporation 2011) IBMs software segment includes the sale of middleware software which enables clients to integrate systems, processes, and applications across a standard software platform. Operating systems are the software engines that run computers. Two treys of the revenue from software is from annuity based recurring license charges and ongoing subscription and support.One third of the revenue comes from one time charge arrangements where customers pay up front for a license which is typically from one year of subscription and support nevertheless they can purchase subscriptions and support after the first year. Software offerings include informa tion management software, trivoli software, hazardus software, rational software, security systems software and operating systems. This segment is in a highly warring market and the companies main competitors are CA. Inc. , Microsoft Corporation and Oracle Corporation. International Business Machines Corporation 2011) The IBM systems System Z, Power Systems, and System X range from general purpose and integrated systems designed and optimized for specific business, public, and scientific computing needs and form the foundation for IBMs integrated offerings. Storage includes data storage products and solutions to help clients retain and manage complex volumes or rapidly growing digital information. They comprehend vitally important issues such as security, compliance, storage optimization, and retention and archiving, availability, etc.Retail store solutions include Point-of Sales and self-service systems and include hardware, software and services. Lastly microelectronics include semiconductor design and manufacturing primarily for use in IBM systems. In systems and technology IBMs major competitors are Cisco, Dell, HP, Oracle, and EMC Corporation. (International Business Machines Corporation 2011) Global Financing facilitates customers acquisition of IBM systems, software and services and includes client financing, commercial financing, and remanufacturing and remarketing.Client financing includes lease and loan financing to end users and internal clients with impairment between 1 and 7 years. Internal financing supports long term client service contracts in the Global Services department and Global financing also factors a portion of the companys broadsides receivable. Commercial financing includes short term inventory and accounts receivable financing to dealers and remarketers of IT products. Remanufacturing and Remarketing includes equipment which is returned at the conclusion of a lease contract which is they sold or leased to another client interna lly or externally.The company competes with Cisco HP and non-captive financing entities of companies like General Electric and banks and financial institutions and in remarketing the company competes with local and regional brokers and original shapers. (International Business Machines Corporation 2011) The nature of IBMs products and the intense competition in all its business segments causes many risks on the audit as a tout ensemble and the audit of specific accounts.The overall audit risks because there are many essential risks associated with intensely competitive environments which can cause products to execute obsolete, loss in market share and lowering gross margin, and the inherent risks associated with financing. One particular account that is affected by this is inventory which should be checked for doable honor and possible obsolescence. The software and services that are provided to customers are highly complicated and are bundled together and thus sales and accou nts receivable should be checked for proper classification and time.Global financing poses many risks to IBM because of its expo fetchdly to the risk of economic downturns and the tightening of realisation spreads and also there is a risk that the clients they provide financing for allow for not be able to meet contractual obligations and or default on payments. With global financing the auditors must direct sure that leasing arrangements are decent accounted for and that the catch presentation and disclosures are included in the notes to the financial statements.For leases the audit objectives of classification, accuracy, and realizable value are of particular importance. Major Customers No clients represent more than 10% of the companys revenue so lack of major customers reduces risk. (International Business Machines Corporation 2011). Having major customers could be risky because losing the major customer could have a large disturb on sales also having major customers c ould go out those customers to have bargaining power over IBM.IBM while it does not have any major customers it is also dependent on the geographic region of the Americas for revenue. In 2011 the Americas were the source of 43. 1% of the total geographic revenue. (International Business Machines Corporation- financial and Strategic depth psychology Review. ) This over dependence on the Americas could cause substantial business risk due to the economic downturn in the Americas and if conditions were to become adverse and or demand were to make up this could hurt the business. International Business Machines Corporation- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review. ) Locations IBM operates in over 170 different countries and one of its major strategies is to expand into emerging markets. IBMs major markets are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, the UK, the Bahamas, Belgium, the Caribbean, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Malta, the Net herlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland (International Business Machines Corporation 2011).The emerging markets that IBM is focusing on which have higher market growth rates than the global comely are countries in Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Latin America (International Business Machines Corporation 2011). This causes substantial risk for the company because each country is going to have different laws to which IBM must honour with or face possible law suits.The fluctuations in different currencies can cause a lot of risk to IBM because the value of revenue in certain countries could decrease substantially and they also must value the different currencies in US dollars for the financial statements. other risks for companies that operate internationally include acquiring exportation licenses, laws and business practices that favor local businesses, trade restrictions, duties and tariffs, and the risk of not accounting for taxes correctly in the quadruplex jurisdictions that the company operates in.IBM operating in over 170 companies and is looking to expand into other emerging markets causes a substantial amount of risk for the company and should be considered when conducting the audit. First it affects the audit as a whole because the inherent risk and therefore risk of material misstatement is increased because of IBMs international operations. Specific accounts and or assertions that are affected by this risk would be sales. Sales should be checked to make sure that the values are accurate and that the appropriate currency conversion rates were applied when changing foreign currency to US dollars.Another parallelism relate audit objective would be accuracy and classification related to taxes payable and tax expense because tax laws are highly complex and the company would owe taxes to multiple local, state, and federal jurisdictions due to global operations. Another audit objective that should be checked would be that all necessary disclosures regarding law suits and other contingencies related to foreign operations are present in the notes to the financial statements and thus satisfy the completeness audit objective and the accuracy and valuation objectives in the presentation and disclosure-related udit objectives. Impact of Technology on Business Operations IBM is part of the technology sector and thus the impact of technology on the business operations of IBM is huge. In IBMs business of being a computer and software manufacturer and service provider the pace of technological change is extremely rapid. IBM in order to be competitive with other major companies in the industry must be a leader in concept and constantly be developing modernistic products and capabilities to be competitive with other companies also trying to provide similar services in the same sector.Due to the rapid change in technology IBM must endue heavily in research and development which it does with annual exp enses of approximately 6. 258 billion dollars, 5. 99 billion was for scientific research and application of scientific advances for new and improved products, their uses, and also services and their applications and the other 267 million was for product engineering (International Business Machines Corporation 2011).This investment in research and development is necessary but lull has inherent risks because if competitors are able to come out with similar products to IBMs products before IBM then they could lose a substantial amount of market share also the research and development process itself is a long and risky process because it may or may not result in a marketable product with sufficient consumer demand. Rapid technological change also has the inherent risks of causing IBMs inventory to become out- dated and thus obsolete.Rapid technological change also affects the business operations of IBM because IBM will have a lot of talented property as a part of their assets on the balance sheet. In 2011 alone IBM was awarded 6,180 patents and in the last 19 years IBM has been awarded 47,000 patents and been the leader in receiving patents (International Business Machines Corporation- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review. ) There is a risk that IBM wont value these intangible asset items properly and thus cause misstatements in the financial statements.Rapid technological change has the overall effect on the audit of increasing the amount of inherent risk in such accounts as intangible assets, and also research and development expenses. Specifically the audit of intangible assets will be affected because the auditor must pay specific attention to the valuation and allocation assertion and make sure that the intangible assets are value at the correct amounts and that any necessary adjustments to the value of the intangible assets is made. Another balance related objective they should make sure the client satisfies is castigates and obligations.The auditor should make sure that the client has the right to this intellectual property which can be satisfied by checking the related patents. The other account that must receive special attention is research and development. The auditor needs to make sure that all research and development is being expensed and is not capitalized and thus the classification of transactions related to research and development are properly classified as expenses and that related product expenses are only capitalized once the product has hit the market. peculiar(a) Accounting PracticesIBM is affected by special accounting principles for revenue recognition. Revenue recognition for software vendors can be extremely complex and one of the complexities for software vendors is for multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements. Software vendors are able to account for individual products and services that are bundled together as a package separately if they can make a best estimate of each items fair value selling pric e. Companies must come up with vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE) of the fair value in order to account for them separately.If VSOE exists for undelivered items but not for delivered items the company uses the residual method but if VSOE of fair value doesnt exist for the undelivered items then revenue cannot be recognized until VSOE of fair value does exist or all items have been delivered. Other issues that complicate revenue recognition for software companies such as IBM are whether or not new products are more than minimally different from existing products or whether it is just an upgrade.If an arrangement does include the right to an upgrade it must be determined whether the right is specified and whether VSOE of fair value can be determined or if it is unspecified and just included in PCS. Lastly if the company makes price concessions those must be analyzed to see whether they are stand-alone concessions or whether they expect to make similar price concessions to other customers because this could have a large effect on the realizable value of accounts receivable and the appropriate numbers to report in sales. (Triplett & Miller)The complexity of multiple deliverable revenue arrangements has a large impact on the audit. First and foremost the complexity of these accounting rules causes a large increase in the inherent risk. Specific audit objectives which are affected by these risks would be the realizable value of accounts receivable, the accuracy of sales, and the timing of revenue recognition in the sales cycle. If the company commonly makes price concessions then the realizable value of accounts receivable could be over-valued unless the company makes reasonable estimates of this and recognizes it with the original sales.Sales could be over or under valued if the VSOE of fair value is not accurate and the auditors must check that there is substantial evidence to support the prices the vendors come up with. Lastly the timing of sales could be greatly affected by these accounting principles because if VSOE of fair value cannot be established then revenue recognition must be slow until all items in the arrangement are delivered. Works Cited Diversified Computer Systems Overview Industry Center YahooFinance. Diversified Computer Systems Overview Industry Center Yahoo Finance. Yahoo, 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. . FASB Accounting Standards Update Number 2011-02. FASB. org. Financial Accounting Standards Board of the Financial Accounting Foundation, Apr. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. . IBM Summary for International Business Machines- Yahoo Finance. Yahoo Finance. Yahoo, 2012. Web. 0 Nov. 2012. http//finance. yahoo. com/q? s=IBM International Business Machines Corp. International Business Machines Corp. NYSEIBM Quotes & News Google Finance. Google, 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. . International Business Machines Corporation (2011). 10-K Annual Report 2011. Retrieved from SEC EDGAR websitehttp//www. sec. gov/edgar. shtml International Bu siness Machines Corporation- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review. Global

Good Leadership Is More Important Than Good Management Essay

leaders and c be argon crucial factors that determine the companys further maturement. Management tries to control everything horizontal humans, whereas attractions attempt to lib seasonte humans and powers (Kotter 2001). Generally, the work forethought does is to ground plan and bud make grow, organize, control and go the problem. The aim of attention is to set up the rules. The leaders work is to ensure the direction and station of the company, integrate all the resources, impel and encourage employees, its aim is to change, and it is obviously that this is the way leading runs (Kotter 2001).More specially, lead cares about the place and meaningfulness, whether the target the disposal has contactd is worth or non. Leadership follows nearly to humans, the dignity, value, potential and development. If direction is concentrate on technology and means, procedures and methods, indeed leadinghip charge emphasis on humanity and objective, the results and maneuver (N ortho persona 2007). For example, management is focus on the function of power, but leadership cares the effect of enchantment.In fact, for every establishment even country, they need some(prenominal) leadership and management. The aim cannot be hitd if lacking any one of these two. Since the leadership is playing the direction instructor role in the management passage, this hear believes leadership is much(prenominal) crucial. Therefore, the essay leave behind first have a literature review on leadership and management, following that, it leave explain the interdependence of both two functions. Finally, it will illustrate the background why leadership is more grand finished examples.Many studies have research on leadership and management from different perspective. gibe to Kotter (2001), the meaning of management is turning with the assigned task, managers do key works much(prenominal) as planning, organizing and controlling, and therefore achieve the expected goal. Through management, the current administration behaveance can be maintained effectively (Cuban 1988). It is certainly that in the management process, the leadership will always exhibits, but the main functions of management is delivery rather change (Bush & Heystek 2003).Both of management and leadership have their special value towards various situations, however, management deals with the technical issues while leadership deals with values (Bush and Heystek 2003). According to Kouzes and Posner (2002), leadership is the ability how the leader encourages others to volunteer to make efforts to the organization. As for leadership, it has five following styles country club management, team management, organization man management, impoverished management, and sanction obedience (Blake & Mouton 2003).Among these five styles, team management is proposed most. Blake and Mouton (2003) think the leadership is the ability to deal with both production and humans, and team management is the most appropriate one. In terms of Fiedler (1967), the situation has more influence on leadership. Three main situations are leader member relationship, the structure of the mission and the berth power. Different situation will show different leadership. Furthermore, all these three divisions also have allude on the leadership.Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958) conclude four main styles, autocratic, get alongn as the telling style, the leader wreaks the mission and permit it known to the group persuasive (the selling style), the leader would like to motivate the group without discussion, only through persuading them to believe the tasks is a good chance consultative (the consulting style), the leader will consider members advices and their feelings when facing the decisions democratic (the joining style), the leader will invite discussion, in this step the leader is not only a decision maker.Presently, how the organization can adapt to the fast changing society has baffle a cri tical problem for people to think about. In such a competitive era which is compete on knowledge (Bell 1999), an organization, particularly an enterprise which wants to gain the everlasting success should focus on both leadership and management, in this way to adapt to the changing world and keep the competitive emolument (Welch, J & Welch, S 2005). Although the leadership and management are diverse, both of they are very crucial to the organization and interact each other.Therefore, the organization needs both the objective view from managers and vision brought by the leaders (Bolman & Deal 1997). For achieving the vision and keeping high efficiency of the organization, it is necessary to pay great attention to both leadership and management. The interdependent relationship mingled with leadership and management can be illustrated through match scoreboard (Kaplan & Norton 2005) shown in the following figure.The Banlance Scorecard (Kaplan & Norton 2005) According to the figure ab ove, it looks into the key orbit of a business, external area like consumers, financial performance, internal one such as innovation and learning process. It clearly shows a comprehensive view of the two functions. Managers should use measurable methods to have a deep on a lower floorstanding of consumers demands, and leader should give the company goal with these demands. Managers are required to use any internal business schema to let the consumer satisfied while leaders are give all the supports that reach that strategy.So downstairs nowadays such a fierce orbiculateized rivalry, every company wants to hold the consumers and foodstuff share. So the managers and leaders are pretty interdependent, with leaders are responsible for search the demand to adapt the change, and managers control the process and give advices. It is olibanum clear that good leadership and good management are very of the essence(p) aspects of an organization, however starts from the key esprit of t he firm, leadership represents the excellence of the enterprise, and it could realize the value of every employee.Leadership needs sustained grooming and creation, it is regard as the key factors that influence the development, alternative and reproduce of an organization. Based on this understanding, compared with good management good leadership is a more critical issue. Following section will take Sony and P&G as cases to explain why leadership is more important than management. Sony is a leading firm in the high-tech manufactures industry, it first develops the memory stick and MP3 player, but its sales revenue did not performance well. And soon after the emerging of Samsung and Apple, Sony was soon surpassed by the two competitors.Samsung has more brand value than Sony since 2005, and the Ipod and Macbook from Apple are popular rather than Vaio (Chang 2008). Actually a firm like Sony who can perform on the international stage will of course have a good management inside the co mpany for until now Sony still do a very good job. And from the external environment, the different strategies Sony and Samsung takes will not lead to the different performance on its sales. Sony has the right strategy, the complete resources, the powerful energy, but the achiever turns to Apple and Samsung.Why Sony could so easily be surpassed by the competitors? The main reason why such gap exists is because the company lacks of the leadership. Many enterprises failed due to the unsuccessful integration of strategy and operation. Take Sonys competition with Apple as an example, Apple has no core technology on the MP3 player foodstuff, all the things they do is to implement the innovation with its computer processor technology. But in the contrast, although Sony has every factor to success, the wrong travel results in the lost in the MP3 player market.Sony took defensive strategy rather than offensive one, such strategy is not appropriate to its market and organisational managem ent. There are two characteristic of current market the rapid change of new technology and the fast depreciation of old ones. Sony actually do teensy effort to face the two emerging companies, the new leader team organized by the baronial president of Sony could not meet their new visions. Why Apple and Samsung could win is not only because they know the market trend and importance of innovation, but also because the right vision from the leaders.The vision is not a dream but based on the careful market analysis and knowledge of current organizational situation. This is the reason Sony failed in the competition and meanwhile it also shows the more importance of leadership than management. Senge (1994) said that an efficient leadership is that the leader could change the path of an organizations development and destiny, because every success at last depends on the leaders. P&G, a global successful company in FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) industry, their leadership management i s a good experience to learn.There has a rule in P&G, inter-dependence is a modus vivendi (McDonald 2009). Every department, products and areas among the company should trust each other and closely cooperate. P&G is proud of acquire the success if take others advices. The rule shows P&G has make a closely partnership with their suppliers, consumers, communities and employees. In this way, P&G has built an entire smooth value chain and leads to a multiple- win situation. Good leadership shown in P&G Company as following hearty and long-term cooperation with partners. P&Gs leadership with partners could be shown as they always built a long-term relationship.Many partners think P&G has enough respect toward its partners. The reason P&G seldom change partners is due to two reasons first is in this way to keep the brand image, arcsecond is P&G hopes the partners should be familiar with P&Gs business, thus they can dress lots costs and time. Innovative cooperate strategy. P&Gs another leadership performs to be creative cooperation with Wal-Mart. When many manufacturers are complained about big retail stores such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour, P&G always take an initiative position in the bargaining with the retailers.P&G make an ontogeny on its supply chain. They use the information technology to realize the continuous replenishment program,which manage the products by categories. The team from P&G and Wal-Mart are from many departments such as sales, marketing, operation, IT and finance, but they share the comparable goal. In the cooperate process, P&G carefully absorb the advices from the retailers and at the same time, P&G design some products for Wal-Mart. The two companies also intend to expand their business into other areas. Provide nurture and communication with employees. P&G regards people as their wealth.P&G provide systematic training program, internal promotion. Most of the management is recruiting internally this basically increased the employees lo yalty. Besides, P&G not only provide a competitive wages, but also its comfortable working environment. All these are the elements that can show P&G performance on leadership. P&G takes more tender responsibility. Aims at sustainable management and environment protection, from 1994, P&G would release its global environment reports to the populace annually. Its target is to show a clear vision of the companys work for improving the global environment.Commitment to consumers. P&Gs belief is they produce and offer best quality products in order to improve the life of global consumers. As returns, they will first gain the leading market position and increasing profit, thus to make the society prosperity which our employees, stakeholders works and lives in. P&G put customers as the first position they listen to their suggestions, including sales and R&D. P&G set the poverty-stricken call for consumers in order to keep connection with consumers, they always think and solve the problems from consumers perspective and seek the potential demands. 3E prototype.The 3E model of P&G is ultimately an small indication of their works on leadership. The 3E model includes envision, energize, enable. Envision encourages people to have a clear plan and strategy toward their targets, concentrate on achieve the goal find the possibility and not the limitations. Energize inspire employees to listen, understand and trust, approve the employees performance. alter improve employees productivities. And also create possible conditions for employees to get success. The 3E model seems very simple but it has include everything related to the leadership.In this model, leadership is a behavior not a job. It clearly gives three missions to the managers riding horse the goal, inspiring the employees, provide any helps. From all these aspects of P&G case, people can know that leadership is not just depends on one person or one group, it rely on the all told organization. And leadership not only considers for small aspects such as company strategies, but also considers more about the social responsibility it have in the society. Generally speaking, there are three outcomes of excellent leadership -The productivity.The only results when the employees cannot finish his job on time are the waste of time and the diminution of quality. The main reason of such consequence is the uncertain guidance and follow-ups. If the leader cannot offer guidance the employees need, then the job cannot achieve the expected level. So lots of time and strength are wasted thus reduced the productivity. -The stability within the organization. As said above, the current society is based on knowledge. If the organization wants to approve the value of the employees, it should provide continuous training and developing opportunities for them.In this way to show the organizations proof on their value through spending time and money invest on the knowledge. The company could use such method to increase the stability of the employees and improve the efficiency. -The consumers satisfaction. The excellent external consumer services are based on the internal customer service. If the company could realize that the employees are the key customers for them, then they could get the chance to earn huge profit. As a leader, the companys attitude towards the employees mainly determines whether they privation to work for the company.To care the employees give the company a chance to provide an excellent consumer services from inside-out. basso and Avolio (1994) mentioned that the leadership should include behaviors like inspiring others, intellectual stimulation, coaching and development, respect and faith. This paper thinks, the leadership is, under the organizations process of implement its target, the ability of the leader influence other related be led and the interaction between leader and the one to be led. The leadership itself is not only a capability but also a process. I n the process, it includes the process of onstruct a binary relationship between the leader and followers, and also includes the functions leader set the organization, improve the efficiency, and leaders help organization adapt the environment, develop and innovative process.? Conclusion To sum up, good management is also an important issue concerning the organizational development. The reason why leadership is more important is that leadership is on a higher level. Take riding the horse as example if the stableman has an excellent technique to control the horse, perhaps the stableman has management talent.But if he always goes to the wrong direction, that is to say, though the high technique of his management, but still cannot achieve the target, then he is doing the incorrect thing. Clawson (2008) said that leadership is nothing if without changes. So under nowadays a fiercely global trend competition and rapid changing of information and technology, leadership becomes more import ant for the organization. But only integrate the power of these two functions can, the organization develop on the right way.

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elemental Source Analysis - Assignment ExampleThe author seems to be the type of a person who has the pure tone that the society from which he comes as it is more superior to the other communities. The author expresses biasness in the recital by telling us that when the middle kingdom loses its rites we have to look at them within the four barbarians. The statement expresses his biasness (Kim 7).There are several lessons that the story Puy tells, these include strict cultural practices, beliefs and customs that we learn from his story, the generator puts forward the main economic activity of the barbarians by telling us how they have a sufficient land for cultivation. The writer also highlights on various punishments given by the society when they have espousal issues, the issue of wife inheritance is also prevalent in slightly communities, and the writer puts it very clear. The story also talks about religious practices done by some communities in various time like before g oing to war. The story also talks about the society that keeps animals and how good some of these communities are at the practice (Kim