Comparing Tough Times :: essays research papers

Contrasting Tough Times  â â â â      Authors have done numerous papers on learning and educating. In two specific articles, the writers center more around perusing and figuring out how to talk great, which is additionally connected with perusing. The storytellers in Frederick Douglas’s article â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† and Maxine Hong Kingston’s â€Å"Learning to Speak Like and American Girl† not just inform the peruser regarding their contention of connection between society’s predominant culture and their own feeling of personality, however teach the peruser and clarify the decisions the characters make which decide the bearing of their lives.      In â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† the speaker tells about his life as a youthful slave kid. He is â€Å"†¦twelve years old, and [is thought of by others as] being a slave for life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1003) His craving and longing to peruse and compose isn't permitted as a slave. He meets a couple of youthful white young men who are happy to show him how to peruse and compose in the event that he will bring them bread. â€Å"As a considerable lot of these I would, I be able to changed over into teachers.†(1003) Kingston’s paper â€Å"Learning to Speak Like and American Girl† is like â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† in view of the timeframe and the discussion. During this time, which is set during World War II, Chinese young ladies were only begining to be sent to American schools and instructed how to talk and read English. The understudies in the class and the instructor would give these understudies trouble since they were not n oisy or familiar enough. â€Å"When I went to kindergarten and needed to communicate in English just because, I became silent.†(1007) these two stories are comparative in the public eye since they are both tested with the predominant culture. The writers express their own feeling of character by telling the perusers their ethnic foundation and their hugeness in the story. The speaker in the â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† shows his way of life as a youthful slave needing to peruse and compose. The speaker in â€Å"Learning to Speak Like and American Girl† is a youthful Chinese young lady figuring out how to talk and read English smoothly. The two creators have comparable clashes yet they speak to an alternate time ever.      In these expositions, the creators are recounting to a tale about the characters life. The narratives are guided towards the crowd to communicate the sort of agony and enduring the characters experienced to learn and apply what they had been longing for.

A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Summary

A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Summary A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Summary NOTE! The beneath paper is only a model composed by one of our staff journalists. On the off chance that you need a unique rundown of A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings or a paper on an alternate theme, don't hesitate to submit your request. In the short story A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, a Colombian author, discusses Pelayo and Elisenda, a couple who found an elderly person in their yard. This man had wings. Pelayo and his better half had a go at speaking with him yet futile. They in the long run got their neighbor lady who educated them that he was a blessed messenger who had wanted their debilitated kid. Thus, they kept the holy messenger in a chicken coop when their kid built up a fever. At dawn, the entire network had arrived to see the blessed messenger (Marquez, 1999). Regardless, when Father Gonzaga came, he reported that the man was phony. He promised to get the real truth from the church’s higher court. Then again, news about the heavenly attendant spread broadly, and numerous individuals came to see it. Subsequently, Elisenda chose to charge an expense of five pennies for one to see the blessed messenger, accepting they will at last get rich. The gathering left when a festival displaying a Spider Woman showed up to the town. Spectators investigated her, and she revealed to them how she was changed into a tarantula one night when she defied her people. This appeared to be engaging the larger part than the old winged man who could ignore the people around him. Thusly, the inquisitive townspeople in a little while left the holy messenger for the dreadful little animal, leaving the yard of Pelayo. A short time later, Pelayo and Elisenda developed a house with all the money they had assembled and overlooked the holy messenger, thus shielding their youngster from gravitating toward to the chicken coop (Marquez, 1999). At last, the old individual transformed into a bit of their life, and they never again feared him. The child could visit him routinely. Definitely, the chicken coop broke, and they empowered him to move around their home, despite the fact that it caused Elisenda much agony. Finally, Elisenda watched him fly away to her uncommon assistance. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Characters The Old Man The elderly person in the A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings story showed up in the yard of Pelayo and Elisenda looking disgusting and tousled. He had wings and could convey in an obscure language that no one could comprehend. His wings and ambiguous language provoked a couple of individuals to acknowledge that he was a heavenly attendant and the congregation to think he was a Norwegian. Pelayo He is the life partner to Elsenda. He is a lamentable and customary inhabitant who reluctantly protected the winged old man in his chicken coop. Pelayo ensured the old man against hurt by unobtrusively counseling the town minister. Be that as it may, he could contradict dynamically liberal guidance he got from various local people. Elisenda She is the life partner of Pelayo. Elisenda convinces Pelayo to charge inhabitants to see the old individual, yet, later trusts him to be an irritation. A sensible woman, she in a general sense stresses over the government assistance of Pelayo and their child and is therefore diminished when the elderly person finally leaves. Father Gonzaga He is a power figure in the network who goes about as a minister. He eagerly elected to see whether the old individual is a blessed messenger as the townsfolk acknowledge or just a human with wings. Father Gonzaga is far fetched that the messy old individual could be an ambassador from sky, yet he faithfully reports the event to his bosses in the congregation. The Neighbor Woman She is the bossy neighbor to Pelayo and Elisenda. The canny neighbor woman had all the earmarks of being increasingly like a senseless smarty pants than a decent counsel and is the first to suggest that the old individual is a weakened sacred detachment. She proceeded to encourage Pelayo to club the elderly person to death. Along these lines he would shield him from taking Pelayo and Elisenda’s kid. The Spider Woman The bug lady is delineated as the giant show fascination who visits the town. The arachnid woman had the body of an epic frightening little animal and the leader of a hopeless youngster. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Themes Subject 1: confidence Confidence is one of the fundamental subjects in A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings short story. Individuals in this network show an irregularity of confidence. In the story A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, Marquez centers around the shortcoming of the confidence of individuals. The creator includes the holy messenger as an image of confidence in God. Be that as it may, in spite of this proof, the townspeople scrutinized the everyday outside attributes of the holy messenger. As per Marquez (1999), the blessed messenger appeared to be an over the top human. At the point when the bug lady, who was another legendary animal, showed up around, the residents lost their enthusiasm for the elderly person. Also, Marquez states that the townspeople posed her a wide range of inquiries about her as she portrayed her story. Subsequently, the townspeople trusted her story behind her change, not at all like the elderly person who disregarded everybody around him. Nonetheless, the townspeople didn't have any truthful proof. Subject 2: powerful Another subject apparent in the story is powerful. Here, the elderly person is seen as dreadful, powerful or profound. In any case, the town minister needs time to counsel. Be that as it may, as indicated by the group and the neighbor lady, the elderly person is a heavenly attendant. Topic 3: languishing Enduring is another topic depicted in the story. The elderly person enters the yard torn up pretty bad that appears to deteriorate. The elderly person is likewise exposed to numerous inquiries from the inquisitive townspeople. He is caught in a chicken coop, jabbed, nudged and dismissed. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Symbolism In the A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings story, Marquez has utilized imagery to pass on a profound importance to the story The elderly person with wings One of the most noticeable images is the elderly person with wings. Here, this elderly person is seen to be a heavenly attendant. He is accustomed to representing the obscure or new that is by all accounts showing up in the socialized network (Marquez, 1999). Nonetheless, the holy messenger in the story isn't dealt with like other paradise sent animals. The heavenly attendant, in this point of view, represents the confidence individuals have in whatever they accept. Thus, aside from the numerous wings that the blessed messenger had, the individuals were not so much persuaded he was a holy messenger. The chicken coop The chicken coop, as utilized in A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings short story, is similarly emblematic. It is utilized to show the confined conviction that the individuals this network have. At the point when individuals from better places came to realize that the elderly person was a heavenly attendant, they could attachment and push the elderly person trying to test what his identity was. In any case, the elderly person didn't live up to their desires. This is an unmistakable sign that this network has confined its plans to what they accept. The creepy crawly lady As indicated by the story, the insect lady is another image. She is accustomed to demonstrating the presentation of another irregularity of nature. This lady shows the confidence that individuals of this network had and how they could undoubtedly be influenced when the remarkable animal showed up in their locale. Subsequently, the individuals moved their thoughtfulness regarding the creepy crawly lady who could eat mothballs and disregarded the presence of the elderly person. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Analysis In the A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, Mrquez has used a couple of innovative redirections from the essential storyline to make the understanding continuously unpretentious. In the midst of the story preoccupations, the procedures and subjects that are utilized end up being vaguely weaved. The elderly person is the fundamental character in the story with every occasion bearing on him. In any case, the lead, appearance, character and the consideration given to the elderly person is prevented more than once by movements of center to various characters, which are, every so often, named and delineated at last (Marquez, 1999). The recognizable nature of the narrator involves the perusers. The story wavers between the point of view of the omniscient narrator and that of nearby individuals, autonomously and by and large. For instance, Father Gonzaga uncovers his inquiries concerning the elderly person. The perusers of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings children’s story seem to possess a spot that is superior to that of its characters, who see elderly individuals as jokesters and acknowledge that their neighbors have heavenly powers. The disposition of the perusers is basic concerning the job of creation and translation. The peruser recognizes creativity in itself and understands how to see its advantaged position in the story. The redirections from the essential storyline give advancement need over conclusion or activity. The peruser approaches the translation cautiously, as crediting emblematic qualities to either the old individual or his bewildering evaporating might be demonstrations of immaterial examination. References Marquez, G. G. (1999). A Very Old Man With Huge Wings.Leaf Storm and Other Stories.

Tips For Writing An Essay On Topics In Writing An Essay

Tips For Writing An Essay On Topics In Writing An EssayIt is no secret that the first thing that comes to mind when you think about writing an essay is topics. While some may see this as a negative, it actually makes things easier for everyone involved. That is because the topics will help keep your essay interesting. This can be helpful for anyone to see if you really know what you are talking about or if you simply sound like a student.The first thing that you need to do is figure out what kind of topic you are going to write about. If you have had previous experience with the topic then this should be easy to do. For example, if you have a background in something, then that is probably the best thing to talk about. But if you have never had anything to do with the topic or know nothing about it, then you are going to have to go through a lot of things that you don't know. That can make it tough to determine what you should write about.Then there is also the fact that once you deci de on the topic, then you are going to have to go through the things that you will be talking about. If you do not know the topic well enough to go about things properly, then you may find that you come across problems that need to be worked out. Some topics can be very confusing and have many aspects to them. One of the easiest to work with is a personal situation that has something to do with one's career.Topics like this can be very helpful for a number of reasons. One of the biggest reasons is that it gives people the chance to get to know what you do in your day-to-day life. You want to be able to tell people about how you do business and how you feel about certain things that come up in the day to day things.These are all things that will help an individual writer more so than talking about their job. You may not know everything about the business but at least you have an idea of what it entails. The writer may not know everything but you know that they can tell you enough to give them a pretty good idea of what they should be writing about.Other than that, the topic should be something that is important to the person writing the essay. If you are writing about something that is not as important, then that is not the best choice. If you are in a group project and that project involves writing about something related to that project, then this can be used as a guide. When they are finished, the topics should be listed so the group knows where to go from here.For example, if the subject of the essay is a legal issue and you do not know anything about it, then you would want to go with something that is a bit more professional. But if you know a little bit about the subject and can write about it professionally, then go for it. This is a great way to avoid getting things completely wrong about the topic that will come up in the paper.The best thing about topics is that you can find a topic that will be both enjoyable and relevant to your personal life. Then you can use this as a way to get an audience to know what you do and what you think about certain things. That can lead to a more fulfilling and engaging essay.

Essay about 18 Year Old Adult or Child - 835 Words

18 Year Old Adult or Child This is a letter to my parents, and to every eighteen-year old’s parents in the nation. We are the youth of America, and we need to be heard. As i sit down at my computer and begin to write i would like to make one thing very clear to all who read this: I write from the standpoint of , with support from a few experts, but no one else. There are many things involved in upholding a healthy, and loving relationship with your child when you are the parent of an eighteen year-old. To some, your children are treated as adults, but to you they are still children. As that child goes away to college, he or she becomes independent from you for the first time ever. This independence brings on a lot of†¦show more content†¦Second, parents are seeing maturity outright these days. This maturity comes through most in different types of language children begin to use with thier parents, which at times parents may find inappropriate. This ties into the third reason which is an ethical consideration parents are forced to make as to at what point thier children are grown and no longer can be looked down upon in an authoritative manner. Although many parents try to smooth things over with thier children when they come home for breaks just to f ind over summer that they have been in denial, most parent realize quickly that they are losing thier children to thier own individualities. If i write this paper for one purpose let with the purpose of illustrating to you, our parents, what we need as your children in order to become competent adults. Many of you parents will take on the responsibility of weighing out the ethical parental role and where it should cease, vs. the natural role. In all of the animal kingdom, mothers raise thier young to have survival, and social skills, once that teaching is completed they are done parenting. In humans however, this line is very broad leaving some forty-year olds with mothers and some twelve year olds without. This is a huge discrepancy and expert Gine Richardson says â€Å" This phenomenon in premature withdraw from parental responsibilities is as detrimental to a young adult’s development as parentsShow MoreRelatedShould a Child Be Tried as an Adult?874 Words   |  3 Pages interesting here in the USA how some laws and rules seem to be passed without much thought either from the people who proposed the law or the people voting on the law. Lets take for example whos considered an adult here in the USA. Once a person reaches 18 he or she is considered an adult. Once reaching this age you can move out the confinements or protection (depending on your point of view) of your parents home and live on your own. You are free to make your own decisions and do what you wantRead MoreThe Issues Of The Juvenile Justice Act820 Words   |  4 PagesConventions of the Right of the Child (CRC) and disregarding recommendations made by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The Juvenile Justice Act 1992 (QLD) is particularly scrutinized for containing legislation that states 17 year olds can be charged, tried and detained as an adults, giving courts the potential to overcharge punishments for juveniles and threaten their safety in adult prisons (). This legislation is not in the best interest of the child, fails to rehabilitateRead MoreThe Importance Of An Age880 Words   |  4 Pagesover regardless of the si tuation; this constant is age. History proves a person cannot vote until they are 18 years of age, could not drink until they were 18, which has risen to 21. A person must be 18 years of age to buy cigarettes, and all males under federal law must sign up for the draft and potentially could give-up their life defending this great nation. By virtue of turning 18 years old, a person inherits so many responsibilities which apply across most of the country, many of these responsibilitiesRead MoreErik Erickson Was A Man Who Made A Huge Contribution In884 Words   |  4 PagesErikson s Approaches to Psychoanalytic Theory 1). The first stage is Infancy: Birth-18 Months Old. This stage is where major emphasis is on the mother and father’s ability to care for the child. â€Å"The child will develop optimism, trust, confidence, and security if properly cared for and handled† (Davey 2). Then the second stage comes along which is Toddler/Early Childhood Years: 18 Months to 3 Years. This is where the child will start to build their self-esteem and learn right from wrong. â€Å"During thisRead MoreAdolescence : Literature Review1463 Words   |  6 Pagesis a time period when a child is trying to become its own person and eventually an adult. It’s a time period when a lot of changes are occurring. Whether it’s through their education moving from middle school to high school or changes within their brain as they age. Adolescents are going through puberty, hormonal changes and experimenting with different social groups within their society. The culture and the social aspects of a so ciety can shape an adolescent into an adult, whether it is to set theRead MoreIntroduction. Alcohol The Debate Of The Ages, Between The1730 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Alcohol the debate of the ages, between the young and the old, researchers, people, alcohol companies, and parents. Within this topic, always comes the concern of when is it appropriate for people to legally drink alcohol. Currently, in the United States the minimum legal drinking age (MDLA) is the age 21. There are many reasons and sciences behind why the U.S. choose the age of 21. On July 17, 1984 the president signed an act called National Minimum Drinking Age Act (NMDAA). This mandatedRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 Pagesreaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Alth ough most people think young adults (18-year olds) are irresponsibleRead MoreJuveniles And The Criminal Justice System1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate over whether or not juveniles should ever be tried as adults. Juveniles are defined as children under the age of 18. In the past, juveniles have been tried in a separate juvenile court because of their age. However, trying juveniles as adults for violent crimes is a trend that is on the rise. Age is supposed to be a deterrent for placing those under 18 on trial and giving them stiffer punishments that are often reserved for adults. Many debate whether or not juveniles really should have lessRead MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words   |  4 Pagesof alcohol (CDC). Alcohol has been around for tens of thousands of years and it’s always been an underlying issue. My question is, â€Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking age†? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have som e benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor stores. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if you’re 18 you’re portrayed as an adult, you’re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. InRead MoreAging Out of Foster Care Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesteenagers, their 18th birthday is an exciting time in their lives. They are finally becoming a legal adult, and are free from the rules and restrictions created under their parents. But not all teens feel the same joy about this coming of age. For the hundreds of thousands of children living in foster care in the United States, this new found freedom brings anxiety and fear. Where will they live after turning 18? How will they get the medications they may need? How will they find a job with little to no

China has 5000 years of history which experienced wars,...

China has 5000 years of history which experienced wars, collapses, failures and successes. The Opium War in the year 1839 and 1856 marked the changing point of China’s trade policy with foreigners, especially with British in opium and tea. China changed from getting tributes to being forced to sign the Nanjing Treaty and Tianjing Treaty with British and French. Due to China’s over confidence and unwelcome attitude toward foreigners and opium, it caused the British to declare the Opium War to China which made Chinese suffered for many years, but at the same time it also forced China to open its door to the foreigners. Opium is dangerous, and it will ruin people’s life once people get addicted to it. Smoking opium made most of the Chinese†¦show more content†¦And at the heart of the trade was tea. It came from no other place. India did not then produce any, nor Ceylon, Java, or Formosa; Japan was inaccessible; the world perforce drank China teas. Above all, the English drank them† (17). English needed the tea from China which was one reason caused British to negotiate with the Chinese to open more trade opportunity to the outsiders, and the denial of exporting tea to the British caused the later Opium War. Qianlong emperor’s reaction to Macartney’s mission angered the British as well. Qianlong emperor’s over confidence was shown in the court when he met the British ambassador Macartney. He required Macartney to wear Chinese clothes and practice Chinese kowtow. â€Å"But Macartney was not going to obligate, or rather he would perform the three-times-three only if some mandarin also kowtowed before his own sovereign George III, a portrait of whom he had thoughtfully included in his baggage† (32). Even though China had a great power during that time, Macartney did not considered himself as who came from a weaker country. China did not think it needed products from foreign countries. â€Å"Chinese needed nothing and traded a little with tribute-bearing barbarians only out of affectionate condescension. Let Macartney go quietly away! Let King George, his master, display the proper respect and devotion by refraining in the future from importunate embassies!† (32). All they care about was the Confucius culture of paying ritual.Show MoreRelatedThe Opium War Essay2802 Words   |  12 PagesChina has 5000 years of history which experienced wars, collapses, failures and successes. The Opium War in the year 1839 and 1856 marked the changing point of China’s trade policy with foreigners, especially with British in opium and tea. China changed from getting tributes to being forced to sign the Nanjing Treaty and Tianjing Treaty with British and French. Due to China’s over confidence and unwelcome attitude toward foreigners and opium, it caused the British to declare the Opium War to ChinaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesEach ï ¬ rm may have a dozen or more capabilities, so include some that are very unlikely to be core competencies. This is a difï ¬ cult step, because you must explain the capabilities carefully to indicate what the ï ¬ rm really does. For example, Cochlear has a capability for research in cochlear-related technology. It does not have a generic research capability. You now have all the material for an excellent SWOT (strengths/weaknesses, opportunities/threats) analysis. 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Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally

Essay on History of Hunting through the Ages - 1076 Words

A lot of people just think of hunting as a thing were you go up into a tree and wait for a duck to come flying bye or a deer to walk in the sight so we can shoot them well you see that is hunting but how did we get to here. Why do we hunt the way that we do well it is because of how we got ideas off of the old ways we did it the history of hunting, the old way that we did things not the waiting for it to come to use the I am going to go get what I want and need. Now you see many people think that all hunting was from a tree and that it was from a deer stand and that we used high powered rifles to shoot deer from hundreds of yards. Well I can say that if you think that then you are just wrong that wasn’t the way that we hunted thousands of†¦show more content†¦But during this time was when they had stone tools that helped them with their hunt. Like they would have sharp rocks on the tip of sticks to help cut up there catch or help kill it. The hunting style never chang ed they still chased after the animals and never settled down they were in a nomads place a no home kind of place but really this is the foundation to the history of hunting. Basically as a start this is where it is there was nothing else really in hunting that changed yea before aps chased down the prey just like they did and they followed them so this was the foundation that this time still there was no change. But around 15000 years later they found arrows and arrow heads which mean that hunting towards 5000 B.C took a turn they had bows which are used for longer ranged kills or put downs so you can go and kill the animal while it is down. But that means that they were starting to learn that you have to wait for the animal you can’t just go for it you have to wait for it to come to you. So with the high power of the bow and the reach with the spear you could do many things, now this latter on about 300 years later and this is where the first animal that helps with hunting and that is the horse. Many people started stabbing spears into animals and shooting bows from horseback, because us as humans if it is a deer or a bison that is running there is no way that we are going to check it. Well ifShow MoreRelatedWhat s Merica Without Meat1657 Words   |  7 PagesWhat s Merica’ Without Meat A man and his son make their way through the dark on a cool fall morning. The fog lies over the hills like a thick blanket. The man and his son talk about the things that have happened in recent times and share memories from years past, too. The morning continues, and as time passes, the two realize that this will be an experience to remember for many years to come. Countless generations throughout the ages have shared the tradition of hunting.Before the time of modernRead More Pre-Agricultural Human Environmental Impact Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesthe remarkable ability to adapt to any environment. Archaeological evidence has proven that the earliest humans were able to occupy and control every terrestrial ecosystem on the planet. Human impact on the environment has increased progressively through time from the earliest hominid hunters to modern city-dwellers. A fundamental expression of early humanities ability to control the environment occurred during the birth of agriculture. While the ecological impact from this feat has allowed humanityRead MoreHunting Should Be Allowed1412 Words   |  6 PagesShelby Morgan Professor Colon ENC 1102 July 17, 2009 Hunting Should Be Allowed Hunting is beneficial to our society and therefore should be allowed. Historically human beings have been pursuing wild animals to provide their families with food, clothing, and shelter. In modern times the need for hunting for survival has lessened because of the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. There were times in history worldwide when hunting became profitable and hunters began killing animalsRead MoreLittle Bison Basin Prehistory1329 Words   |  5 PagesLittle Bison Basin Prehistory Prior to the last ice age, the entire region of the Great Plains is believed to have been an inland sea known as the Western Interior Seaway. As this seaway receded, large animals including mammoths and saber toothed tigers lived in the area. The majority of these animals became extinct to the region around 13,000 years ago during one of the ice ages. The great plains are a vast region of North America that spreads from Canada nearly down to the Coast of Texas. ThisRead MoreHunting Is No Longer Necessary For Survival1703 Words   |  7 Pagesfield and hunt game for me.† Hunting started millions of years ago for the intentions of food, clothing, and shelter supplies. Back in the Stone Age, hunting was essential for surviving in those critical situations that derived from everyday living. Recently hunting has become more a recreational sport and less of a necessity for survival, it is true that most hunters now days still eat the meat from the animals that they kill for sport and pleasure. However, hunting is no longer necessary for survivalRead MoreComparing Frans Snyders Deer Hunting And Frida Kahlo s The Wounded Deer1423 Words   |  6 Pagesability to compare and contrast art, literature, and other mediums as well as being able to analyze works with my own interpretations. I have chosen two paintings to compare and co ntrast for this essay: Frans Snyders’ Deer Hunting and Frida Kahlo’s The Wounded Deer. Deer Hunting was painted in 1631 in Belgium during the Baroque period. The Wounded Deer was painted in 1946 in Mexico and is a piece of surrealist art. Although these pieces of art were painted during two different time periods they areRead MoreWolves: Keeping Nature in Balance Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone knows of the apocryphal evil that is wolves, hunting our children, killing our livestock, taking the best deer. Having a wolf hunting season seems like a no brainer, right? But what if that’s not how wolves are, what if they are innocent, so to say. Should they be hunted? The short answer is no. There should not be a wolf hunting season because many of the thoughts on wolves are incorrect; hunting would compromise wolf studies, and the population is already suffering. We have all heardRead MoreNeanderthals, Ancestors to Human Beings Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesmajority based in Europe and small groups scattered throughout the Middle East and Asia. Historically, the Neanderthals were among the most resiliant creatures to exist on Earth. As a population, they thrived during the European ice age 40,000 years ago. This ice age enveloped the majority of Northern and Central Europe and due to their physique were the Neanderthals were able to surive. Physcially, the Neanderthals were larger and more muscular than today’s human beings. In addition, their increasedRead MoreA Vikings Civilized World1265 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Vikings’ world were demonstrated through its political, culture, and interaction with environment. In the ancient days of the Vikings, the political aspect of their world consisted of improving the organization and civilization of the Vikings’ lives; the topics that prove this statement were law, structure, and war. As William R. Short stated, â€Å"A system of laws was set up whereby people were governed by consensus and where disputes were resolved through negotiation and compromise†(hurstwic.org)Read More Mans Transition to Agriculture Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesEuphrates and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile in Egypt emerged civilizations affected the history of the eastern half of the Mediterranean. Theses civilizations led to formation of cities and increased urbanization over a vast period of time. On the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile in Egypt emerged civilizations that were to have profound influence on the history of the eastern half of the Mediterranean. The rise of these civilizations, led to increased u rbanization

Major Religions with Food Proscriptions free essay sample

Islam. To the Muslims, eating is a matter of faith for those who follow the dietary laws called  Halal,  a term for all permitted foods. Those foods that are prohibited, such as pork and birds of prey, are known as  Haram,  while the foods that are questionable for consumption are known as  Mashbooh. Muslims eat to preserve their good health, and overindulgence or the use of stimulants such as tea, coffee, or alcohol are discouraged. Fasting is practiced regularly on Mondays and Thursdays, and more often for six days during Shawwal (the tenth month of the Islamic year) and for the entire month of Ramadan (the ninth month). Fasting on these occasions includes abstention from all food and drink from sunrise to sunset. Ramadan In the Muslim faith, the holy month of Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year and is devoted to prayer, fasting, and charity. Muslims believe that it was during this month that God first began to reveal the holy book of Islam, the Quran, to the prophet Muhammad. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Religions with Food Proscriptions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most Muslims are required to refrain from food and drink during daylight hours for the entire month. The fast is broken in the evening by a meal called the  iftar,  which traditionally includes dates and water or sweet drinks, and is resumed again at sunrise. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five Pillars of Faith, which are the most important religious duties in Islam. The practice is meant to remind Muslims of the poor, to cleanse the body, and to foster serenity and spiritual devotion. Ramadan ends with Eid al-Fitr, the Festival of Breaking the Fast. MALAYSIAN RELIGIONS, FOODS PRACTICES AND RESTRICTIONS, AND RATIONALE FOR BEHAVIOR Type of religion| Practice or restriction| Rationale| Buddhism| †¢ Refrain from meat, vegetarian diet is desirable †¢ Moderation in all foods †¢ Fasting required of monks| †¢ Natural foods of the earth are considered most pure †¢ Monks avoid all solid food after noon| Hinduism| †¢ Beef prohibited †¢ All other meat and fish restricted or avoided †¢ Alcohol avoided †¢ Numerous fasting days| †¢ Cow is sacred and cant be eaten, but products of the sacred cow are pure and desirable †¢ Fasting promotes spiritual growth| Islam| †¢ Pork and certain birds prohibited †¢ Alcohol prohibited †¢ Coffee/tea/stimulants avoided †¢ Fasting from all food and drink during specific periods| †¢ Eating is for good health †¢ Failure to eat correctly minimizes spiritual awareness †¢ Fasting has a cleansing effect of evil elements| Nutrition   is thesupply, to  cells  and  organisms in the form of food to support  life. Many common health problems can be prevented with a  healthy diet. The  diet  of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived  palatability  of foods. A poor diet may have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as  scurvy[2]  and  kwashiorkor;[3]  health-threatening conditions like  obesity[4][5]  and  metabolic syndrome;[6]  and such common chronic systemic diseases as  cardiovascular disease,[7][8]diabetes,[9][10]  and  osteoporosis. [11][12][13]

Red Tsar Essay Example

Red Tsar Paper When Stalin rose to power in 1929 he claimed to the Russian public that he was a devote follower of Leninism; his slogan Lenin is always with us1 meant that Stalin wanted to show how similar he was to Lenin. However Stalin asserted his power at the head of government much like the Tsars by employing tactics of fear and propaganda. Stalins personal dictatorship meant he had strong elements of being Red Tsar as he established unquestionable rule, this idea of being a Red Tsar came from the belief that Stalin wasnt committed to communism, as his traditional ideas were reminiscent of Tsarist autocratic rule, so effectively he was a fusion between the two ruling styles. As Stalin wished to portray himself as a God-like figure; this made him an isolated leader who tolerated no criticism, similar to the style of ruling under the Tsars, as both leaders dismissed ministers at their own will and chose to act on their own personal feelings, for example like the Russification policy of employed by all the Tsars, but in particular Alexander II and the nationalistic policies of Stalin. Stalins government was top-down2, and unlike Lenin and Khrushchev, Stalin was very wary of how much his fellow party members knew. Therefore he employed a clear hierarchy, where information was withheld from lower members. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Tsar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Red Tsar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Red Tsar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Tsars relied on loyalty of elites to strengthen government, in particular the nobility and the Russian Orthodox Church, who helped to keep firm control over the Russian people. Although it is true that both Lenin and Stalin surrounded themselves with loyal i lites called nomenklatura, these elites became more important under Stalin, as the influence of the wider CCP was reduced he descended into his personal dictatorship. The growth under Stalin of the Party Secretariat, which was created under Lenin, meant there was a growth in bureaucracy, something which communist ideology disapproved of. As the General Secretary of the CCP Stalin had influence over all areas of the party, whilst the Politburo became the most influential body, as it controlled the actions of all government departments. Therefore the party became more centralised, as the influence of the grass-roots became less significant. Hence historians such as Richard Pipes claim that Leninism caused Stalinism, as Lenins party resembled a more secret order than a party in the normally accepted sense3, this led to an elitist structure, meaning that Stalins dictatorship was unavoidable. Although some disagree with this view as they understand we could never have predicted the extent to which Stalin employed a personal dictatorship. The democracy strived for during the revolution4 and declined into a dictatorship laced with censorship and nationalism reminiscent of Tsarist autocracy, as only views complementary of the regime were allowed and media from outside Russia were prohibited for fear of radicalisation. Therefore concerning the type and running of government Stalin appears more similar to his Tsarist predecessors than any of his Communist comrades, as he relied on elites, bureaucracy, elitism and a tightly controlled government, therefore this makes him a Red Tsar. Both Lenin and Stalin believed in a strong internal state, in which the party had complete control in the running of government. However Lenin did not believe in a creation of a cult of personality as Stalin did, as Stalin established himself as the fount of all wisdom5, this glorification as the Fa ther of Russia6 never appeared in such extreme force under Lenin nor Khrushchev. Therefore historian Moshe Lewin argues that Stalins system of government was a hybrid of Marxism and Tsarism7, as a creation of a cult of personality contains few Marxist-Leninist roots, but harkens back to the Russian tradition of leader worship. However Stalin and Khrushchev can be seen as similar as both leaders employed cunning8 and spin-doctoring. But there are clear differences, as Khrushchev lacked the temperamental nature of Stalin and the Tsars. He claimed Stalin was a litsedi meaning a man of many faces9, therefore there is a parallel between Stalin and the Tsars, as both made rash decisions out of spite, in particular the weak Tsar Nicholas II, who left his wife Alexandrina in charge of Russia in 1915 when he took direct charge of the army. Moreover Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his methods of Terror in his de-Stalinisation speech when he rose to power in 1956. Similarities between the Tsars and Stalin can also be drawn between the bad temper and brutal natures of both rulers. This is illustrated by when servants discovered Stalins wifes death they were reluctant to tell him, these Little People had a reasonable aversion to breaking bad news to the Tsars and Stalin, and they fell faint with fear10. Therefore both rulers commanded and frightened the Russian people with their tempers, making Stalin a Red Tsar. The fear that Stalin implemented was reinforced by his use of use of ideology, which was reminiscent of the religious attitudes under the Tsars, as his use of glorification kept a tight reign on the Russian people. This use of ideology led to his unquestionable rule like that experience under the Tsars, but Stalin emphasized separation of the state from the Church, unlike The Tsarist autocratic rule was strengthened by the support from the Russian Orthodox Church. The Tsars and the Church supported each other for mutual interest, and the teachings of the Church favoured autocracy11, since the majority of the population was religious, opposition to the government was seen as a direct challenge to God and the Divine Right of the Tsar, this made any opposition unpopular. Although this makes Stalin different from the Tsars, it does not make him like the other communist leaders, as Stalin embraced a marginal increase in religious tolerance, and did not campaign against religion nor advocate atheism like Lenin or Khrushchev. Stalins repressive methods align him with the Tsars, particularly Alexander III, whose rule was known as The Reaction, he favoured modernisation and the belief that education was dangerous12. Like Stalin, Alexander III believed that education should be strict and formal, whereas Marxist-Leninism which showed less regard for formal education. Even though Lenin and Stalin were very similar in some of their beliefs such as the belief in a monopolistic party, a strong state, the need for dramatic transformations within society13 to make Russia a socialist state. However unlike Lenin, Stalin did not believe that the communist movement should spread into the West outside the USSR. Despite this Stalin did export communism during the Cold War, encouraging the spread of communism to the East in countries like China and Korea. This also continued into Khrushchevs rule, when he showed support for the development of communism in Cuba. But at first Stalins policy of Socialism in one country set him aside from the majority of communists and showed a complete betrayal of Marxist beliefs. As Marxism was a international movement empowering all the workers of the world, and a movement which denounced nationalism. But Stalins nationalism in form, socialist in content14, harkened back to the Great Russian Empire under rulers such as Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible15, this nationalism forced the Russian population into patriotism, like that experienced under the Tsars, which was never experienced to the same extent under Lenin or Khrushchev. This is an explanation for Stains belief that non-Russians should be moulded into Russians. Whereas Marxist-Leninism stated that non-Russians should remain in Russia un-disturbed, Lenin enforced this through his Decree of Nationalities in 1917. Therefore Stalins nationalism aligns him with the Tsars policy of Russification16, which forced all those nationalities living in Russia to speak Russian. Despite Stalins nationalist beliefs, Stalinism was still derived from Leninism, and they had some similarities such as distrust of bureaucracy, the belief the achievement of a utopian Russia and both having had a hatred of adulation at close quarters 17 . Although Lenin and Stalin had some similar values, as their core beliefs were derived from the teachings of Marx. However Lenin never attempted to build a cult of personality and disliked the term Leninism, as he thought of himself as a Marxist unlike Stalin, who wanted to develop the personalities of the population under his own glorification. Therefore McCauley argues that Stalin manipulated Marxism and Leninism for his own means18 as McCauley believes Stalin was not a true communist as he did not properly embrace the ideology. Moreover his focus on traditional beliefs such as family values, the importance of marriage, and the implementation of policies such as making divorce difficult and outlawing abortion. These beliefs made Stalin more traditional in his values than Khrushchev and Lenin who both believed conventions such as marriage were outdated in society. While the style and ceremonies of High Stalinism in 1930s seemed less Leninist and more a reversion to the past, as Stalins semi-religious imagery, crude nationalism and parables with the great state of building Tsars like Ivan the terrible19 make him seemingly Tsariest. Therefore although Stalin may have shared some ideologies in common with the communists, many of his key values made him very different, as although Marxism initiated most of their beliefs Stalin had many traditional beliefs that neither Lenin nor Khrushchev held. Stalins outright brutality, not only surpassed the Tsars but also his communist comrades, as E. H Carr claims Stalin revived and outdid the brutalities of earlier Tsars20, showing a difference between Stalins methods of repression and the methods used by the Tsars. Consequently some historians claim that Stalins brutalities must have stemmed from a source, as Simon Hartfree claims that High Stalinism appears as the logical and inevitable outcome of Leninism21 as he argues that Lenins actions such as the use of Terror and purges, paved the way for the brutalities of Stalinism. This is reinforced by R Medevev, who argues that although there was little continuity between Lenin and Stalin, as Stalin abolished the NEP, forced collectivisation, employed mass-terror and administrative rather than economic methods for industrialisation, Stalin saw himself as a disciple of Lenin22. Stalin implemented much of Lenins domestic and foreign policy, as he rid the party of factions, removed the intelligentsia, collectivised agriculture and created a Red Army. All these were all Leninist policies; however the implementation of these polices may have not been to Lenins taste. This shows that Stalinism was built on the foundations of the Leninist state, although it may have taken a shape Lenin would not have approved of. However historians such as Robert Service argue that the passage from Leninism to the worse horrors of Stalinism was neither smooth nor inevitable23. Although Service claims that Lenin was more ruthless than originally percieved, particularly as he crushed his enemies, waged class warfare and had unpleasant attitudes towards peasants and the Church. However Service also claims that Lenin ultimately wanted to abolish the secret police, the army and eventually the whole state. Therefore Lenins oppressive methods are dwarfed by the High Stalinism of the 1930s, when Stalin implemented methods of totalitarianism. Stalin used a regime of Terror to stay in power much like the Tsars, but his creation of a highly centralised state means that historians such as Schapiro hold Stalin personally responsible for high levels of human suffering24 during his rule. Furthermore Robert Conquest claims that the Great terror emanated from the top, he claims that Stalin planned the purges, directed the NKVD and organised the apparatus of terror, to control his own party as much as the country. 25 Whereas J. Arch Getty claims the Cold War distorted the western view of the Soviet Union and we must distance Stalin from sole responsibility26 for the horrors of the Great Terror. Getty claims that Stalin had no plans the Terror experienced in the Soviet Union at this time, and despite his position of power his personality faults do not help to explain what happened, in fact Stalin may have not even known what was going on. Getty also claims that officers in the NKVD acted on their own will, due to chaos of the Soviet Union and fear of Stalins temper. Getty claims that the randomness of attacks and irrational fear within the population, shows that there was a lack of tight central control. Gettys view is extreme, because although the scale of the terror, thoroughness of targeting and executions can be partly put down to a tumult within the Soviet Union at this time, Stalin must still be regarded as a deeply suspicious character, who saw enemies everywhere, therefore he must be more than partially responsible. Consequently the most convincing view is that Stalin was not solely responsible for the Terror experienced, but that his position within the country meant he knew the majority of what was happening and exercised significant power over the NKVD. The atrocities experienced did not happen without a great deal of central orchestration because the sheer scale, cannot simply be put down to civil unrest. The repressive methods of Stalins regime such as show trials, secret police and labour camps can seem out of character in context of this 100 year period, but these methods were used during the rule of the Tsars and were used under both Lenin and Khrushchev. However George Leggett claims27 these methods were never used to the same extent by other rulers, although Lenin, and Khrushchev seem similar concerning their repression of opposition. However Stalin was set aside from other communist leaders by the killing of his own communist comrades, as Lenin would have never have that gone as far, Khrushchev denounced this shortly after Stalins death in his de-Stalinisation speech. Leggetts view is particularly convincing as Stalins brutalities can not be compared to anybody in Russian history. Moreover the sheer scale of Stalins terror particularly during the Purges of 1928 to 1934 and show trials used throughout his rule surpass Lenin and Khrushchev and his brutality demonstrates his Red Tsar nature. Stalins killing of Lenins i lite, his brutal secret police (NKVD) and the rise in fascism led to High Stalinism, where Stalin resorted to extraordinary measures28 to control his party and the population. Although some of these methods continued under Khrushchev, they were comparatively less horrific. Even though grain seizures were common to all communist leaders, it is important to recognise that all communist leaders were against the forced collectivisation experienced under Stalin, which led to widespread famine in Russia. Although it is unfair to say there was no famine was suffered under Lenin or Khurschev, especially as millions died during the Civil War. Around 20 million Russians died during Stalins rule, 1. 5 million executed, 2 million died in camps, and 7 million died in famine29. This sheer scale of death came from use of terror methods such as slave labour camps in which at least 30 million may have served in. These huge totals surpass any under both Lenin and Khrushchev, even despite Lenins harsh treatment of opposition. Lenin also lacked the understanding of political pluralism and a multi-party system30, which led to his banning of factions in 1921 and his latter use of purges. However Lenin did not have the same distrust of members of his own party as Stalin did, as Stalin executed 98/139 members of the Seventeenth Party Congress, whilst 1,100 out 1,96631 party delegates were arrested. Although there is much evidence of violence under the Tsars, such as the repression of opposition after the assassination of Alexander II, Stalin is not like a Red Tsar, as Stalins brutalities surpass and dwarf any under the Tsars. However the truly autocratic natures of the Tsars, particularly Alexander III allow some similarities between Stalin and the Tsars. For example both Stalin and Alexander III had a distrust of giving others power, thus they both made the function of local government very difficult32. Both also of increased censorship and government control over universities. Stalin also enforced totalitarianism in all areas of life such as education, youth movements, culture, media, information, armed forced, government and administration33. This lead to a period known as Socialist Realism, an artistic style depicting happy workers, which was reminiscent of old Russian exclusiveness 34experienced under the Tsars. This was a highly censored period, in which the image of Stalin and the party was carefully arranged to show the country and the leader in their best light. Although both Lenin and Stalin had elements of vanity, Stalins image appeared everywhere portraying him as a heroic saviour and towering leader. This idea of exclusiveness was rejected by Marxism and Leninism, meaning Stalins portrayal of himself through the censored media allows basis to claims of him being a Red Tsar. The original literary and artistic freedom allowed by the Provisional Government following the revolution, came to a bitter end under Stalin, but had a limited revival under Khrushchev. This censorship extended to education, as the whole system became dominated by industrialisation, meaning foreign influence was limited, whilst strict government attitude towards workers meant social benefits were cut and education fees increased35. Also history books were re-written to suit Stalins taste, meaning that Stalins people may have been better educated than under the Tsars, but they naively regarded Stalin as their knight in shining armour, holding like an icon in their homes, much like the old Tsars, allowing Stalin to appear a Red Tsar. Moreover Stalin waged war on the Kulaks; a class of wealthy peasants created by Lenin and Stolypin in a hope that at some point in the future social class would be eradicated. However Stalin sought to eliminate this class by waging class warfare and controlling discontent through purges of the population, the Kulaks were denounced and wiped out by Stalin. As anger in the provinces over wages, working conditions, long hours, forced collectivisation and the brutality of the NKVD, led to distress, Stalin crushed any unrest and able farmers, ruling strata and old intelligentsia were also removed. Although this distrust of the masses and strict government control was reminiscent of the Tsars, Stalin out-did their autocratic control and his forced industrialisation led to a decline in living standards, which then rose after his death. This shows his Red Tsar nature, as both the Tsars and Stalin maintained a poor standard of living throughout their ruling. Stalins central control of the economy during his reign was based on traditional Marxist principals, making him unlike a Red Tsar as the planning he enforced was unlike any of the Tsars. However economically during this 100 year period Russia made dramatic progress. The key economic comparison is between the rulers, is the Great Spurt under Sergi Witte during Alexander III reign, versus the Great Turn under Stalin. Stalins Great Turn brought many changes both economically, politically and culturally, and his forced industrialisation36 and focus on heavy industry was driven by the need to catch up with the rest of the world, particularly the West and America. This need was also a feature of Tsarist rule, in particular Alexander III who favoured modernisation and industrialisation to make Russia a world power37. However the core ideologies of the Tsars were different to Stalins, as his communist beliefs favoured rapid industrialisation which appealed to Marxists as it showed a commitment to modernisation. In particular for Lenin who employed the NEP, and Stalin and Khrushchev who supported a socialist planned economy38, as the idea of planned improvement was a key part of Marxist ideology, therefore commitment to modernisation was a theme across the whole period but for different motives. Stalins command economy makes him unlike a Red Tsar, as it was more state lead than the economy under the Tsars. Moreover Lenins refusal to pay any foreign debts, meant that Stalins economy had to survive without any foreign loans, expertise and investment, which during the Great Spurt allowed the Tsars to make tremendous economic progress39. The creation of the Soviet Union as a world power was both important to Stalin, and the Tsars such as Nicholas II, who believed economic modernisation would strengthen Russias position in the world. The deliberate modernisation40 experienced under these leaders was an attempt to reform Russias backward economy, although it still remained just as insufficient and wasteful41 under Stalins rule. Stalins centralised economy was concentrated on his 5 year plans, although economic planning was important in all soviet economies these plans were a landmark in soviet history42. However these plans were harsh on the peasants, and like many economic policies of the Tsars. Stalin and the Tsars exploited the peasants for their own economic gain, the seizure of grain and limited rights put the rulers at an economic advantage, while both Lenin and Khrushchev refrained from exploiting the peasants to the extent which Stalin did and Lenin in particular believed that peasants should not be forced into collective farms. Therefore in theory Stalins planning aligns him with both Lenin and Khrushchev, but his practices such as the recognition for the need of wage differentials and exploitation of the peasants show a betrayal of Marxism, although there is some exploitation of the peasants under during NEP, but not as extreme. As a result, in practice Stalin may have appeared economically a Red Tsar, but in theory and policy he is similar to the other communist leaders. To conclude, whilst on the surface many of Stalins similarities with the other communist leaders appear only to be ideological, it is important to note that Lenin laid the foundations for the development of Stalinism through his use of purges and class warfare. It must be clearly recognised that features such as economic planning, reliance on i lites and grain requisitioning were common to all three of the communist leaders in this period. However despite this, Stalins image as a Red Tsar is particularly apt with relation to due to his traditional beliefs, his creation of a cult of personality and harsh treatment of peasants. Although there was an atmosphere of fear within the population of Little People under both Stalin and the Tsars, it is unreasonable to compare the brutalities of Stalins regime to those committed by the Tsars. Therefore whilst Stalin has many elements to show how similar he was to the Tsars, Lenins state allowed for these to form, distancing Stalin from his title of Red Tsar. Hence concluding that autocracy was inevitable in Russia during this period due to the situation in Russia and that Stalinism was effectively a fusion of communism and Tsarism.

Academic freedom in Australia Essays

Academic freedom in Australia Essays Academic freedom in Australia Essay Academic freedom in Australia Essay Academic freedom in Australia: a suzerain province? On 24 September, 2013 Deakin University became one of merely four Australian universities with a dedicated policy on academic freedom. The rules and doctrine of academic freedom have been long †¦ What is it about our universities that makes etc What is the province of dissent in Australian universities? This inquiry is surprisingly hard to reply. There is rather a batch of dissent expressed in both professional and public fora, with no troubles anticipated or encountered ; at the same clip, there is rather a batch of suppression and suppression of dissent. There are a figure of ways to near the issue. One attack is to look at policies and official statements about academic freedom. Martin 2002 ; 7 The right to rational freedom and the responsibility of universities non to interfere with that right is a difficult won and long held tradition and is recognised by the most Enterprise Agreements in Australian universities consequently. Academic and rational freedom in the university scene is a negative right or autonomy to print and pass on freely. This imposes a negative responsibility on the university - that is, a responsibility non to interfere in academic freedom of address. [ 1 ] In a study of all 39 Australian universities and their endeavor understandings in 2001, Jackson found that while about half made some mention to academic freedom in their understandings, approximately one tierce contained elaborate clauses on academic freedom. At one terminal of the study, the University of Adelaide understanding contained an extended academic freedom clause, associating academic freedom to professionalism and duty, at the other Deakin University had no academic freedom clause at all, along with half the universities in the state. Jackson observes, nevertheless, that the move to integrate some look of committedness to academic freedom had begun and that by 2003 both the University of Sydney and the University of Melbourne had expansive clauses recognizing academic freedom, the latter committing to defending the academic freedom of all staff and pupils to prosecute in critical enquiry, rational discourse and public contention without fright or favour. [ 2 ] As Jackson indicates, endeavor understandings were non the lone beginning of committedness to the dogmas of academic freedom, with a figure of establishments enshrining it in codifications of behavior. In 2001, the Southern Cross UniversityCode of Conductwent every bit far as showing academic freedom as a warrant: The University shall: ( a ) Guarantee academic freedom of both enquiry and look provided such enquiry and look does non conflict applicable State or Commonwealth statute law ( such as calumny and privateness Torahs ) and provided that if differences arise, the University s difference declaration patterns are observed. [ 3 ] Since August, 2012 the Southern Cross University appears to hold resiled from such a warrant. While the university’s newCode of Conductupholds the right of its staff to take part and freely prosecute in public argument, it does so with considerable making. Such engagement must now associate directly to the academic or other specialized capable country of an employee’s country of expertness, the officer may utilize the University’s name and reference and give the rubric of his or her University assignment in order to set up his or her credentials. [ 4 ] In relation to public remark, most of the universities cited in contained clauses that sought a balance between the right to academic freedom and a duty to show that freedom within the bounds of academic expertness and without bias to the university. Griffith University’sCode of Conductprovinces: This Code does non take away from the academic freedom of staff of the University. As a staff member you are encouraged to prosecute critical and unfastened enquiry and engage in constructive unfavorable judgment on affairs of public concern within your country of expertise. [ 5 ] This is the tenor of the diction in most understandings citing academic freedom and In 2012 all but two Australian universities - the University of Notre Dame and the University of Southern Queensland - have substantial clauses of rational freedom. The jurisprudence associating to academic freedom in Australia In a landmark instance in February 2001, a University of Wollongong academic Ted Steele was summarily dismissed for talking out against ( what he claimed were ) falling criterions due to the soft marking’ he was instructed to use by university disposal. In the Steele Case’ , the University was pursued to the Federal Court for unjust dismissal by the National Tertiary Education Union ( NTEU ) . The full bench of the Federal Court ruled in Steele’s favour the undermentioned twelvemonth and the faculty member was reinstated ( before making a colony with the university ) . While the argument around academic freedom had in fact raged diversely throughout the state during the 50 old ages prior, the Steele instance became a landmark in the defense mechanism of academic freedom in Australia and, significantly, a trial for how a dismissal, perceived as an onslaught on academic freedom and free address, can backlash on a university disposal. [ 6 ] Following the Steele instance, the NTEU escalated its lobbying of the Commonwealth authorities to present legislative protection for academic freedom for Australian universities. This instance - and a figure of abuses on academic freedom Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ( SSCEEWR ) Inquiry into Academic Freedom in the 2nd half of 2008 In Australia, the Senate Standing Committee on Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ( SSCEEWR ) conducted an Inquiry into Academic Freedom in the 2nd half of 2008. The enquiry had been established in the deceasing yearss of the Coalition-controlled Senate in late June 2008. On 4 December the Inquiry released its study. A study of such an enquiry normally has the same rubric as the Inquiry itself. In a intimation of its findings, this study bears the rubric Allegations of academic prejudice in universities and schools’ ( SSCEEWR 2008 ) . Gelber 2008 The NTEU re-defined rational freedom to include: the rights of all staff and pupils of higher instruction establishments to take part in determination devising procedures and constructions within their establishment, including the right to show sentiments about the operations of that establishment and higher instruction policy more generally. [ 7 ] Macquarie University Jackson makes the of import point that while a codification is non contractual an statement might be made that a codification making or attesting positive rights such as academic freedom would make an estoppel †¦ . Damaging trust by an academic on the codification would do it conscienceless for the university to disregard the statements in the code. [ 8 ] This instance - inter alia - and serious lobbying by the NTEU precipitated a move by the so Labor Government to amend theHigher Education Support Act 2003in 2011.The amendments were to include expressed mention in its objects to the publicity and protection of free rational enquiry in acquisition, instruction and research and to bind support of universities to a committedness to have policy upholding free rational enquiry in relation to acquisition, instruction and research ( s.19.115 ) . The Act now requires all higher instruction suppliers to conform to the amendments ( s.19.115 of the Act ) in order to run into the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency ( TEQSA ) ’s supplier enrollment criterions for continued support. Academic freedom and Victorian universities A study of Victoria’s eight universities by the Deakin University Policy Office indicates all have in topographic point endeavor understandings incorporating commissariats for rational freedom. These commissariats are translated diversely to other policy places across the universities. All but the University of Melbourne contain their in agreement statements on academic freedom within their Media policies. The University of Melbourne addresses the issue of academic freedom within a specific policy on Academic Freedom of Expression. RMIT University, Monash University and Deakin University provide for academic freedom in both their media policies and codifications of behavior. All but the University of Melbourne contain a statement back uping academic freedom with the caution that such freedom must be exercised within an academic’s country of expertness. The universities vary in their application of limitations on other facets of communicating from within the university. The University of MelbourneAcademic Freedom of Expressionpolicy goes good beyond the commissariats of its endeavor understanding, saying obviously the express right of all bookmans at the University to seek for truth and to keep and show diverse opinions. It stresses that such look should be robust and uninhibited and recognises besides that bookmans are entitled to show their thoughts and sentiments even when making so may do offence. The University of MelbourneAcademic Freedom of Expressionpolicy does do a statement of academic duty but without prohibition. The policy stresses that scholars may keep their ain positions and talk freely on all subjects, even outside their expertness, and even placing themselves as members of the University. The policy requests merely that faculty members express themselves reasonably and in good faith and that discourse entered into should be in accord with the rules of academic and research moralss, where applicable. The policy concludes: The University recognises that these rules may change harmonizing to the context in which the discourse occurs. The University of Melbourne Collective Agreement 2010 captures rational freedom merely in its cardinal rules, but is already more expansive than any other Australian university: Intellectual freedom means the freedom of academic staff, and, to the extent consistent with their employment duties and function, professional staff, to prosecute in critical enquiry, rational discourse and public contention without fright or favor, but does non include the right to hassle, intimidate or vilify. Mentions Griffith University. Code of Conduct. hypertext transfer protocol: //policies.griffith.edu.au/pdf/Code % 20of % 20Conduct.pdf. Jackson, J.G. Express Rights to Academic Freedom in Australian Public University Employment. Southern Cross University Law Review 9 ( 2005 ) : 107-45. Martin, Brian. Dilemmas of Defending Dissent: The Dismissal of Ted Steele from the University of Wollongong. The Australian Universities Review 45, no. 2 ( 2002 ) : 7-17. National Tertiary Education Union. NTEU Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs Inquiry into Whistle-Blower Protections within the Australian Government Public Sector. Canberrra: National Tertiary Education Union. , 2008. Southern Cross University. Code of Conduct. hypertext transfer protocol: //policies.scu.edu.au/view.current.php? id=00030 # maj13. 1

Star Alliance in the field of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Star Alliance in the field of Marketing - Essay Example Alliances were an appropriate response to the market change by the leading airlines. Star Alliance is the largest with a market share of 23.6 percent followed by Sky Team, Oneworld and Wings (Czipura & Jolly, 2007). This paper will discuss how at Star, the benefits are reaped both by the customers and the airlines, the route setup and the basis, the problems and pitfalls encountered and how Star Alliance differentiates itself from other airline alliances. The Star Alliance started as a joint marketing effort between United Airlines and Air Canada in 1992 and was formed on the premise that each could derive benefits from expanding the range of cooperation. They wanted to increase the membership and devolve authority towards a more centralized and independent organization structure (Anslinger & Jenk, 2004). By 1997 Scandinavian Air System (SAS), Deutsche Lufthansa, Thai Airways International had joined the alliance. These five members signed bilateral agreements regarding code sharing, joint marketing activities, and flight schedule coordination (Czipura & Jolly, 2007). The alliance wanted to exploit the benefits of a worldwide network. By 2006, there were 18 full members in addition to several regional members and member candidates. Today it has 24 members and has a centralized set of activities and functions. The Star Alliance serves 855 airports in 155 (StarAlliance.com, 2007) countries and expects to achieve substantial savings thr ough rationalizing their operations and in the process squeezing out competitors (Boyd, 2001). Airlines have little control over fixed expenditure like aircraft and equipments and the labor costs account for almost one-third expenses in the industry. As such most airlines are looking for saving expenditure in other areas. In 2001, Star Alliance created a new and more stable management structure. Prior to this, the alliance was driven by the individual

Where the Wild Things Are Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Where the Wild Things Are - Essay Example Initially, Sendak wanted to put horses in place of wild things, but he abandoned the idea as he realized he could not draw horses better than wild beasts and mosters. As his mother locked him up in his room without offering him supper, he had an intrinsic desire to conquer his fear of wild things. Therefore, in his subconscious, he decided to confront them. The conversion of room of limited capacity into a world as vast as accommodative of sea, jungle and the wonderland full of wild things is all Max’s fantasy. As the ship took Max to the land occupied by wild things, he visualized the most fearful images of wild things in their extreme aggression he had for long been fearful of. Particularly from a child’s perspective, the way author narrated the rage of wild things is captivating. Beasts with large rolling yellow eyes and cluttering pointed teeth are the typical images of wild things that folk tales conventionally make use of. It is so because for children, rage reflects in the eyes and jaws of wild things. However, Max’s subconscious had taken him to the land of wild things, not to get frightened, but instead, to frighten them. So he stupefied the wild things by giving them a uninterrupted stare. The author has a solid reason why Max can frighten the wild things by staring at them without blinking. The reason is that when we, as adults, sternly forbid the children from doing something, we tend to give them a stern look, and try not to blink our eyes. This conveys a solid message to the children that we mean what we say. Likewise, Max conveyed his message to the wild things that he ought not to fear them. This made him the king of wild things and he ruled them. This is when, Max conquered his fear of wild things. Although Max’s mother had punished him, yet he always knew she loved him by heart and would not leave him hungry. He did not see his mum put supper in his room. Even

And Sun Also Rises Essay Example for Free

And Sun Also Rises Essay This paper discusses Ernest Hemingway’s novel And Sun Also Rises (1926) and takes an in-depth analysis of the development of the female character Lady Brett Ashley in trying to come up with better understanding of the character’s role in the novel. Hemingway’s And Sun Also Rises is widely regarded as Hemingway’s best novel. It became the overnight Bible of the postwar generation. (Barrett, 724) The novel revolves the theme of damage done to Hemingway’s generation by the violence of World War I. All the main characters of the novel are to certain extent scarred by war. Some of them suffer physical injuries like Jake or Count Mippipopolous and others bear the psychological trauma of â€Å"lost generation† (the phrase belonged to Hemingway’s friend Gertrude Stein and became the novel’s first epigraph). Among those psychologically deteriorated individuals Lady Brett Ashley is a controversial character that evokes different readers’ and critics’ reaction. This paper explores the path by which Lady Ashley’s character develops through the novel. With the first meeting with Brett Ashley her individual female sexual appeal and exceptional general attractiveness is revealed. From the beginning of the book, men find her irresistible. When Jake, as narrator, first introduces Brett, he says, â€Å"Brett was damned good-looking. She wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boy’s. She started all that. She was built with curves like the hull of a racing yacht, and you missed none of it with that wool jersey† (Hemingway, 22). Robert Cohn, too, is immediately captivated by Brett, and a short time later, he says, â€Å"She’s a remarkably attractive woman† (Hemingway, 38). She is a strong and independent woman and probably these are the features that attract men more than her physical beauty. Her real tool is her charisma that strikes the men around her. Every significant male character in the novel, at one time or another, comments on Brett’s female attractiveness. When he is introduced to Brett, Bill Gorton says, â€Å"Beautiful lady† (Hemingway, 74); Mike Campbell says, â€Å"Brett, you are a lovely piece. Don’t you think she’s beautiful? † (Hemingway, 79) These compliments are like a refrain that is reiterated through the rest of the novel. Despite the abounding attention on men’s side Brett rejects to become committed to a single man, at least physically. Neither the affluence of attention nor her independence makes Brett a happy woman. Having first appeared as a careless free woman Brett Ashley turns out to be an unhappy and miserable creature just the same as all those who lived through the war. Brett is often described in the literary criticism as sexually promiscuous, or even a nymphomaniac, which seems extreme given that in the course of the story she has sexual relationships with, at most, three men her fiancee, Mike Campbell; Robert Cohn; and Pedro Romero. Some critics, like Edmund Wilson, assess Brett’s conduct as â€Å"bitch-like†; Wilson interprets Brett Ashley as â€Å"an exclusively destructive force† (p. 238). This interpretation, plausibly, is directly related rely to Brett’s own assertion that she makes to Jake after she leaves Romero: â€Å"You know it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch† (Hemingway, 245). Nonetheless it is difficult to agree with such interpretation of Brett’s character. First of all it is known that she is one of the â€Å"lost generation†, the people whose youth fell on the post-war period when the relationships and responsibilities were loose and disordered, and so Brett’s behavior merely reflects this time. Furthermore, though Brett never stayed with any man longer than she wanted, she never displayed cruelty in attitude toward men, so she could not destruct them to any degree. And the most important thing which explains Brett’s character is again related to the time of the novel. Brett Ashley belongs to those people whose thoughts are confused being affected by the war. So while looking for her way in life she fails in finding the lull for her psychological disturbances therefore continues her self-abusive conduct. Brett can be profoundly careless of the feelings of others. She scatters cigarette ashes on Jake’s rugs, and when Romero gives her a bull’s severed ear after a successful bullfight, she leaves the gift behind, stuffed in a hotel drawer. Cohn calls her a sadist when she is unmoved by the plight of the horses gored in the bullring. Certainly she uses Jake heartlessly at times, expecting him to introduce her to a man she desires, put up with her affairs, remain steadfast in his devotion to her, and faithfully run to her rescue on short notice when she finds herself at loose ends in another country. Yet she is also deeply unhappy and emotionally fragile. Viewed more sympathetically, she can be seen as a self-destructive woman, traumatized by the ugly and unromantic loss of her first love to dysentery in the war: â€Å"Brett hurts no one in the novel as severely as she hurts herself. Her nymphomania, her alcoholism, her constant fits of depression, and her obsession with bathing are all symptoms of an individual engaged in a consistent pattern of self-abuse† (Whitlow, 56). All in her misery she often complains to Jake, her only true friend, about her aimless existence and unsatisfying life. Her vagrancy from relationship to relationship is assimilated with Jake and company roaming around bars. As the novel unfolds one observes how Lady Ashley transforms from the self-confident independent woman into one who seems extremely awkward being by herself. That is why she is searching for the shelter in more or less stable though platonic relations with Jake. As with the other characters, World War I obviously played the determinative role in the formation Brett Ashley’s character. Having lost her true love during the war she elaborated the pattern of random relations, especially with regard to men. Her skepticism and lost faith in search for true love symbolizes the search of the whole lost generation for their decayed values. Unable to find support in the traditional convictions that imposed certain meaning to her life Brett feels morally lost. Having lost belief in anything Brett together with her friends is trying to escape the reality and fill her empty life with careless wandering from bar to bar, living night life, drinking and entertaining, doing everything that fits into the notion escapist activity. The character of Lady Brett Ashley is developing through the novel from the initial impression of careless but happy woman into the typical representative of post-war generation with aimless way in life. Parties, free love and other kinds of merry-making are only the futile distraction for concealing the sorrow and insecurity that filled her soul.

Social Networking Safety :: Social Networks, Facebook, Twitter

MySpace gained popularity when businesses and bands began using it for advertising. Since the launch of Facebook, both have made social networking part of daily life for millions of people worldwide. Internet relationships have become more popular and face-to-face interactions have become more rare. Though these websites allow friends to stay in touch more easily, they also raise safety concerns. Predators have found ways to gain access to innocent bystanders. The age of account users on these sites has become an issue. Parents’ main priority for their children when it comes to the internet is their safety. The safety risk has caused many parents to ban social networking sites in their home. The question on everyone’s mind is, is it worth risking personal safety to communicate more easily? While staying in touch with friends is essential to adolescent development, there are less risky ways to do so. An article by Jennifer Sexton and Marlanda English states that online sites put young people at risk for online predators when they believe they are socializing with friends. Cyber relationships can delay the growth of real relationships according to Sylvia Engdahl in Online Social Networking. Anne Whittaker and Geraldine Wagner wrote that these websites can stimulate the economy by creating advertising opportunities. Advertising and socializing can be combined with these sites, and as Craig Belanger and Laura Finley wrote in an online article, they allow even the shyest of people to express themselves freely. MySpace is a great place to advertise businesses, while Facebook can create the virtual interaction that everyone seeks. Safety precautions can be implemented to ensure only those of suitable age can have access to these sites. Each year there are more advances in technology that allow the world to connect on more personal levels. The new-found popularity of social networking sites accompanies advancements in technology. Social sites allow people around the world to connect with one another in an instant without much hassle. With many great achievements or advancements comes a controversy. The controversy over the popularity and use of social networking sites has alarmed groups of people around the globe. Each group seems to have its own opinion on each miniscule detail of the ever popular sites such as MySpace and Facebook, and they state their opinion in every way possible. While advancements in technology have allowed social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook to connect people around the world, they may be releasing too much information and therefore making innocent people vulnerable to dangerous situations.

Narrative Paragraph Essay

The toddler climbed laboriously up onto the stool, determined to â€Å"help† her mother. But her mother did not notice; she was far too busy with the frantic preparations for the birthday party. Ten three-year-olds and their mothers coming for an afternoon of treats, games and face painting: a herald of another party, ten years from now, when make up would be the order of the day, the child’s father had observed. As the mixer whirred and the dishwasher swished and the oven beeped its warning of impending culinary disaster, the child’s attempt to be a part of the busy-ness was more than her mother could attend to. She did not notice when the girl reached the top of the stool, nor did she see the tiny hand reach out toward the glinting beaters as they beat the pale golden batter. As she faced the oven, removing the first cookie tray, she heard the scream. Whirling, she took in the tiny hand held high, the tragic face, and the stream of scarlet mixing itself into th e cake. A kiss, a cuddle and a band-aid calmed the birthday girl; a shake of her head and a moment of revelation calmed her mother. A birthday candle in a cookie would be just fine. See more: how to start a narrative essay Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to tell a brief story Structure: no real thesis statement, as there is nothing to be proven in this paragraph, but there is an introductory sentence that establishes character, setting and situation, there are body sentences, and there is a concluding sentence that summarizes the resolution of the main conflict Language: language is relatively casual and includes a single example of the language of the three-year-old child to help establish character Features: narrative components such as plot, characters, setting, conflict and resolution are evident; use of onomatopoeia (â€Å"whirred,† â€Å"swished,† â€Å"beeped†) to mimic the distracting effects of the busy kitchen EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH An expository paragraph explains something; its purpose is to help the reader understand. In order to ensure that the purpose is achieved, the writer of the paragraph may utilize a number of paragraph features and language techniques. One essential feature is logical organization. This may take a number of forms, including demonstrating cause and effect or following a  chronological order. Another important feature is providing support for the explanation being made. This support may consist of examples, illustrations, statistical or expert evidence, or even appropriate anecdotes. A final critical feature is clarity of language. The paragraph may make employ language devices such as metaphors or allusions to help illustrate its points, but they must be relatively straight forward and easy to follow so that no misunderstanding of the important points will occur. By employing these kinds of features and techniques, the writer of an expository paragraph will ensure that the paragraph’s meaning is clear to the reader. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to explain some of the techniques used by the writer of an expository paragraph to achieve his or her purpose (!) Structure: The first sentence is a topic sentence; the second is the thesis statement. The body sentences list, explain and give examples of the paragraph’s features, and the concluding sentence summarizes the main point of the paragraph. Language: language is relatively formal Features: The paragraph uses a format of making a point followed by examples. There is â€Å"listing† transition (â€Å"One essential feature,† â€Å"Another important feature,† â€Å"A final critical feature†) between sentences to help the flow of the paragraph. PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH Telephone solicitation is more than just an annoyance to those on the receiving end of the calls. In fact, telephone solicitation can be disastrous for people in all kinds of situations and, thus, must be stopped. For one thing, telephone solicitation typically occurs in the late afternoon and early evening, prime family time. This can cause chaos in two ways. One, continual interruption of shared family meal times, rare as they can be, can put a significant strain on family relationships; this is a troublesome point in light of the divorce statistics of today. Even worse, when families are embroiled in homework wars or are having trouble getting toddlers to bed, a poorly-timed telephone call may be the straw that breaks the camel’s back, moving the suffering parents to lose their cool  completely. This could result in a form of domestic violence, verbal or even physical: yet another reason for a family to break apart. Another way in which telephone solicitation can prove dangerous to people stems from its very familiarity. Because so many telephone calls come from telephone solicitors, offering everything from insurance opportunities to vinyl siding, the calls become accepted as a legitimate way to do business. This plays into the hands of criminals. The trust individuals place in the honesty of the legitimate solicitors is extended to those who are, in fact, dishonest and out to abscond with the proceeds of others’ bank accounts. Clearly, in order to save families and their hard-earned dollars, telephone solicitation should be banned. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to convince the reader that telephone solicitation should be banned Structure: introductory sentence, thesis statement (sentence #2), body sentences which provide examples for points made, a concluding sentence which states the thesis in stronger terms Language: language is emotionally loaded at times (ex., â€Å"disastrous,† â€Å"chaos,† â€Å"embroiled in homework wars,† â€Å"domestic violence†); added words such as â€Å"Clearly† in the concluding sentence makes it difficult to argue against the point Features: strong rhetorical language; a variety of sentence lengths keep the paragraph moving; short sentences highlight and give â€Å"punch† to inflammatory statements (ex., â€Å"This plays into the hands of criminals.†); stops argument by stating that the evidence â€Å"clearly† supports the thesis LITERARY PARGRAPH Holden Caulfield, the narrator and protagonist of J.D.Salinger’s well-known novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is an unreliable narrator. This leads the reader to suspect that Holden’s story is not all that is appears, and coaxes the reader to look more deeply into the character and his situation. Very early in the novel, Holden himself casts doubt on his reliability as a narrator when he confesses to his in-story audience, a psycho-therapist, that he is â€Å"the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It’s awful† (Chapter 3). This self-indictment alerts the reader to the fact that everything Holden says will need to be taken with a grain of salt and that it will be important to look beyond the surface of the text. Later in the  novel, Holden relates a story about his date with a girlfriend in which she tells him to stop yelling at a club. He protests that he â€Å"wasn’t even yelling† but it is clear from his description that he probably was yelling, and that his girlfriend was trying to calm him down. This incident, and others like it, suggests that Holden is not good at monitoring his own behaviour. This again calls into question Holden’s explanations of what goes on in the novel and encourages the reader to look seriously at the words spoken by the other characters, even if they are related through Holden’s eyes. Thus, through both Holden’s explicit assessments of his own personality and the implicit meaning of the events in the story, the reader can see that Holden Caulfield is a less-than-reliable narrator whose story must be examined deeply in order to be understood. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to interpret and explain an aspect of a literary text Structure: First two sentences work together to alert the reader to the topic and the thesis. The body sentences extend the discussion, and the conluding sentence restated the thesis. Language: language is formal and makes use of integrated quotations to add to the authority of the interpretation Features: identifies the title of the work and the author in the introductory sentence; uses literary terms (i.e., â€Å"unreliable narrator†); uses integrated quotations to support the discussion; remains focused exclusively on the text (no â€Å"real life† references)

Substrate Definition in Chemistry and Other Sciences

The definition of substrate depends on the context in which the word is used, particularly in the sciences. Definitions of Substrate Substrate (chemistry): A substrate is the medium in which a chemical reaction takes place or the reagent in a reaction that provides a surface for absorption. For example, in the fermentation of yeast, the substrate the yeast acts upon is sugar to produce carbon dioxide. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the substance the enzyme acts upon. Sometimes the word substrate is also used as a synonym for the reactant, which is the molecule consumed in a chemical reaction. Substrate (biology): In biology, the substrate may be the surface on which an organism grows or is attached. For example, a microbiological medium may be considered a substrate. The substrate may also be the material at the bottom of a habitat, such as gravel at the base of an aquarium. Substrate may also refer to the surface on which an organism moves. Substrate (materials science): In this context, a substrate is a base on which a process occurs. For example, if gold is electroplated over silver, the silver is the substrate. Substrate (geology): In geology, substrate is underlying stratum.